Analysis of the included studies
| Intervention | Relative risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| *Effect favours intervention. | |
| Modification of training schedule | |
| Reduction in frequency of training13 | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.66)* |
| Reduction in duration of training13 | 0.41 (0.21 to 0.79)* |
| Reduction in running distance14,15 | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.91)* |
| Hip injuries | 0.87 (0.37 to 2.04) |
| Knee injuries | 0.45 (0.26 to 0.80)* |
| Lower leg injuries | 1.33 (0.47 to 3.76) |
| Ankle and foot injuries | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.25) |
| Graduated running programme16 | 2.07 (1.13 to 3.80) |
| Stretching exercises (data not pooled for analysis) | |
| Stretching outside training session16,17 | |
| Andrish et al.16 | 1.27 (0.66 to 2.43) |
| Hartig and Henderson17 | 0.57 (0.37 to 0.89)* |
| Stretching immediately before training session18–20 | |
| Pope et al.18 | 0.85 (0.43 to 1.67) |
| Pope et al.19 | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.09) |
| van Mechelen et al.20 | 1.19 (0.71 to 1.99) |
| Use of external support or footwear modification | |
| Use of shock absorbing insoles16,21–23 | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.11) |
| Hip injuries22 | 1.62 (0.53 to 4.98) |
| Knee injuries22 | 0.82 (0.54 to 1.23) |
| Lower leg injuries16,22,23 | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.42) |
| Ankle and foot injuries22,23 | 1.27 (0.71 to 2.29) |
| Footwear modification24 | 0.83 (0.71 to 0.98)* |
| Knee injuries | 0.93 (0.62 to 1.39) |
| Lower leg injuries | 1.26 (0.82 to 1.93) |
| Foot injuries | 0.53 (0.36 to 0.79)* |
| Use of knee brace25 | 0.35 (0.13 to 0.91)* |