Age | Soccer | f | All | PRF | Increased incidence in athletes older than 25 (age range studied 14–39) |
35
|
| Soccer | m,f | All | PRF | Increased incidence in athletes older than 14 (age range studied 6–17) |
34
|
| Indoor soccer | m,f | All | EPI | Increased risk in men older than 25, and in girls between 12 and 15 (age range studied 7 to early 50s) |
36
|
| Military training | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk in men aged 25–35 (age range studied 17–35) |
38
|
| Australian football | n/a | Lower extremity muscle | PRF | Increased incidence of hamstring and calf strain among athletes older than 23; but no difference for quadriceps strains |
37
|
| Australian football, field hockey, basketball, netball | m,f | Lower extremity, back | EPI | Increased incidence 26–30 years (age range studied 9–56) |
15
|
| Soccer | m | All | PRF | Increased incidence in athletes 14–16 years of age v 16–18 years |
16
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased incidence among younger athletes |
22
|
| Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | No difference in incidence of injury, but injury type differed by age |
17
|
| Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between age and injury |
11
|
| Dancers | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between age and injury |
39
|
| Netball | f | Lower extremity, back | PRF | No association between age and injury |
18
|
| Track | m,f | Lower extremity, back, stress fractures | PRF | No association between age and injury |
40
|
| | | | | | |
Gender | Basketball | f | All | PRF | Increased risk of all injuries as a group in females |
50
|
| Soccer | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk of all injuries as a group in females |
34
|
| Military training | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk of all injuries as a group in females |
38,
51
|
| Military training | m,f | ACL | EPI | Increased risk of ACL tears in females |
42
|
| European team handball | m,f | ACL | EPI | Increased risk of ACL tears in females |
14
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk of grade I sprain in females; but no difference for grade II, III sprain |
19
|
| Basketball | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk of all injuries as a group in males and increased risk of knee injury in females |
8
|
| Australian football, field hockey,
basketball, netball | m,f | Lower extremity, back | EPI | Males at increased risk of injury compared with females |
15
|
| Indoor soccer | m,f | All | EPI | No difference in incidence of all injuries, but females had an increased risk of knee injury and males had an increased risk of ankle injury |
36
|
| Track | m,f | Lower extremity, back stress fractures | PRF | No difference in relative risk ;but risk factors were different between males and females |
40
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No difference in relative risk; risk factors differed between males and females |
53
|
| 32 high school sports | m,f | All | PRF | No association between gender and injury |
54
|
| Dancers | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between gender and injury |
39
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between gender and injury |
52
|
| | | | | | |
Phase of menstrual cycle | European team handball | f | ACL | PNRCS | Increased risk during week before and after start of menstrual period |
14
|
| n/a | f | ACL | EPI | Increased risk on days 1 and 2 of menstrual period |
55
|
| n/a | f | ACL | EPI | Increased risk during ovulatory phase |
56
|
| | | | | | |
Previous injury | Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
17
|
| Australian football | n/a | Lower extremity muscle | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
37
|
| Dancers | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
39
|
| Basketball | m,f | Knee | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
8
|
| Soccer | m | Ankle and knee | RCT | Increased risk with previous injury |
26
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
20
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with previous injury |
22
|
| Volleyball | m,f | Ankle | PCS | Increased risk with previous injury |
60
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | RCT | No association |
21
|
| Soccer | m | Ankle | PRF | No association |
61
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association |
52
|
| | | | | | |
Inadequate rehabilitation | Soccer | m | All | PRF | Increased risk with inadequate rehabilitation of injury |
62
|
| Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | Increased risk with inadequate rehabilitation of injury |
17
|
| Australian football | n/a | Knee - ACL | PRF | Increased risk with inadequate rehabilitation of injury |
63
|
| | | | | | |
Aerobic fitness | Military training | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk in recruits with fewer push ups, slower run times, lower Vo2max and smoking cigarettes |
38
|
| Military training | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk with slower run times |
51
|
| Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | Increased risk with slower reaction time in response to an optical stimulus |
17
|
| Military training | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk in females with slower run times and increased risk in males with fewer push ups |
65
|
| Netball | f | Lower extremity, back | PRF | Increased risk with greater jump height, cycle work and power |
18
|
| Soccer | f | All | PRF | No association between fitness measures and injury |
35
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | No association between fitness measures and injury |
20
|
| | | | | | |
Body size | Soccer | m,f | All | PRF | Increased risk in males of greater height; but no association in females |
34
|
| Australian football | n/a | Lower extremity muscle | PRF | Increased risk with increased height for quadriceps strain; but no association for hamstring and calf strain |
37
|
| Military training | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with low and high BMI for males and increased risk with shorter height for females |
65
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with greater (wt × ht2) |
20
|
| Military training | m,f | All | PRF | No association between height, weight, or BMI and injury |
38
|
| American football | n/a | All | PRF | No association between ((wt/ht) × 100) and injury |
7
|
| Soccer | f | All | PRF | No association between BMI and injury |
35
|
| Physical education students | m,f | All | PRF | No association between height, weight, or BMI and injury |
66
|
| Dancers | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between BMI and injury |
39
|
| Track | m,f | Lower extremity, back stress fractures | PRF | No association between height, weight, lean mass, fat content and injury |
40
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between height or weight and injury |
52,
53
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between height or weight and injury |
22
|
| | | | | | |
Limb dominance | Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | No association of ankle or non-contact knee injury; but increased incidence of contact knee injuries in dominant leg |
17
|
| Soccer | m | All | PRF | Increased risk of ankle injury in dominant leg; but no association of muscle strain |
67
|
| Australian football | n/a | Lower extremity muscle | PRF | Increased quadriceps strain in dominant leg; but no association with hamstring or calf strain |
37
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased incidence in left leg dominant |
52
|
| European team handball | m | All | PRF | No association between limb dominance and injury |
6
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between limb dominance and injury |
53
|
| Soccer | m | Ankle | RCT | No association between limb dominance and injury |
26
|
| | | | | | |
Generalized joint laxity | Soccer | f | All | PRF | Increased risk with increased laxity |
35
|
| Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of trauma with increased laxity; but no association between overuse injury and generalized laxity |
11
|
| All collegiate sports | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association in females; but increased risk with decreased laxity in males |
68
|
| American football | m | All | PRF | No association between generalized laxity and injury |
70
|
| Netball | f | Lower extremity, back | PRF | No association between generalized laxity and injury |
18
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between generalized laxity and injury |
52,
53
|
| | | | | | |
Joint specific laxity | Soccer | m | All | PRF | Increased risk of knee injury with increased medial knee laxity; but no association between ankle laxity and ankle injury |
30
|
| Soccer | m | All | PRF | Increased risk of all injuries as a group with increased knee laxity |
67
|
| Soccer | m | All severe | PRF | Increased risk of ankle and knee injury with increased joint laxity |
17
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with greater talar tilt exam in males; but no association in females |
53
|
| American football | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with greater talar tilt exam |
71
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | RCT | No association between ankle laxity and injury |
21
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between ankle laxity and injury |
52
|
| | | | | | |
Muscle tightness | Military training | m | All | PRF | Increased risk with high and low levels of hamstring tightness |
38
|
| Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of Achilles tendinitis with increased gastrocnemius tightness |
73
|
| All collegiate sports | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between muscle tightness in females and increased risk of injury with greater tightness in males |
68
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with improper stretch, warm up |
22
|
| Soccer | m | All | PRF | No association between muscle tightness and injury |
30
|
| | | | | | |
Range of motion | Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with increased knee hyperextension and increased risk of overuse injury with right/left differences in ankle ROM and hamstring flexibility |
11
|
| Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of Achilles tendinitis with greater inversion, but no association with eversion/inversion and stress fractures |
73
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with increased eversion in females, but no association between ROM and injury in males |
53
|
| Physical education students | m,f | All intramural | PRF | No association between ROM and injury |
66
|
| Dancers | m,f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association between ROM and injury |
39
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | RCT | No association between ROM and injury |
21
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | No association between ROM and injury |
20
|
| | | | | | |
Muscle strength, imbalance | Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with ankle strength imbalances |
52
|
| Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of trauma with low hamstring to quadriceps ratio and increased risk of overuse with high hamstring to quadriceps ratio |
11
|
| Soccer | m | All | PRF | Decreased quadriceps strength on injured side compared with uninjured |
67
|
| Soccer | f | All | PRF | No association between quadriceps and hamstring strength and injury |
35
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | No association between quadriceps strength and injury |
20
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between ankle strength and injury |
53
|
| | | | | | |
Muscle reaction time | Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between reaction time and injury; trend for injury in females with slower tibialis anterior and faster gastroc reaction time to dorsi flexion perturbation |
53
|
| | | | | | |
Limb girth | Track | m,f | Lower extremity, back stress fractures | PRF | Increased risk with smaller calf girth in females; but no association in males, and no association of thigh girth in males or females |
40
|
| Basketball | n/a | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of injury with greater right/left difference in thigh girth |
75
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk of ankle injury with increased calf girth and no association between thigh girth and injury |
20
|
| | | | | | |
Postural stability | Basketball | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with increased sway (e.g. diminished balance) |
76
|
| Soccer | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with increased sway (e.g. diminished balance) |
77
|
| Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with increased sway (e.g. diminished balance) |
11
|
| Netball | f | Lower extremity, back | PRF | No association between postural sway and injury |
18
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between postural sway and injury |
53
|
| | | | | | |
Anatomical alignment | All high school | m.f | ACL | PRF | Increased risk with narrower femoral intercondylar notch width |
79
|
| Football, ice hockey, basketball | m,f | ACL | PRF | Increased risk with narrower femoral intercondylar notch width |
80
|
| soccer, gymnastics, volleyball | | | | | |
| Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with tibial valgum, increased Q angle |
81
|
| Basketball | n/a | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk with greater side to side differences in Q angle, rearfoot valgus and leg length discrepancy |
75
|
| Runners | m,f | Lower extremity overuse | PRF | Increased risk of shin injuries with greater tubercle-sulcus angle and knee varus and increased risk of all overuse with decreased leg length difference |
82
|
| Military training | m | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk with increased leg length, foot length, foot width; and no association between tibial varum/valgum, hip external/internal rotation or tibia length and injury |
20
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | Increased risk in females with increased tibial varum; but no association in males |
53
|
| Physical education students | m,f | All | PRF | No association of hip, knee, rearfoot alignment or leg length and injury |
66
|
| Soccer | f | Lower extremity | PRF | No association of Q angle and injury |
11
|
| | | | | | |
Foot Morphology | Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of stress fractures with high arches |
84
|
| Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Foot and knee overuse injury associated with increased arch height |
86
|
| Military training | m | Lower extremity | PRF | Increased risk of stress fractures with pes planus or cavus foot types; but no association between incidence of ITB syndrome or PFPS and foot type |
73
|
| Football, cross country | m,f | Knee, ankle | PRF | Knee pain associated with pronated or supinated foot types; but no association with ankle sprain |
85
|
| Runners | m,f | Lower extremity, back | PNRCS | Lateral, bony, foot/ankle injury associated with high arches and medial, soft tissue, knee injury associated with low arches |
87
|
| Physical education students | m,f | All | PRF | No association between arch index and injury |
66
|
| Runners | m,f | Lower extremity overuse | PRF | No association between arch index, heel valgus and injury |
82
|
| Soccer, field hockey, lacrosse | m,f | Ankle | PRF | No association between foot type and injury |
53
|
| Basketball | m,f | Ankle | RCT | No association between foot type and injury |
21
|