Published ball impact response characteristics
| Reference | Test condition | Maximum force (N) | Maximum impulse (Ns) | Contact time (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Avergae values of ball groupings | ||||
| †Calculated from head mass and acceleration. | ||||
| Armstrong | Rigid flat plate | 512–558* | 8.3–8.6* | 11.6–12.4* |
| et al 2 | 9.6–9.7 m/s | |||
| Dry, wet | ||||
| 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 bar for dry | ||||
| 6, 9 m/s for wet | ||||
| 20 ball models | ||||
| Levendusky | Rigid flat plate | 851–912* | 12.4–13.7* | 10.2–10.8* |
| et al 3 | 17–18 m/s | |||
| 0.6 bar for dry | ||||
| 20 ball models | ||||
| Naunheim et al12 | Rigid head form on neck | 637–1212† | N/A | N/A |
| 9, 12, 15 m/s | ||||
| Dry | ||||
| 0.4, 0.6 bar | ||||
| 1 ball model | ||||