Summary of injury indices for upper extremity impact
| Region | Measured value | Units | Injury tolerance by risk | Injury | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5% | 50% | 95% | ||||
| *Based on Newman et al.26 | ||||||
| †Based on Mertz.31 | ||||||
| AIS, abbreviated injury scale. | ||||||
| Head* | Head impact power(HIPmax) | kW | 4.50 | 12.8 | 21.3 | Concussion |
| Peak resultant linear acceleration | g | 40 | 78 | 115 | Concussion | |
| Peak resultant rotational acceleration (α) | rad/s2 | 3350 | 6350 | 9250 | Concussion | |
| Neck† | +Fz (tension) | N | +1097 | – | – | AIS 3+ |
| −Fz (compression) | N | −1100 | – | – | AIS 3+ | |
| Fxy (resultant shear) | N | 1100 | – | – | AIS 3+ | |
| +My (flexion) | Nm | 190 | – | – | AIS 3+ | |
| −My (extension) | Nm | −77 | – | – | AIS 3+ | |
| ±Mx (lateral flexion) | Nm | 143 | – | – | AIS 3+ | |