Table 3

All baseline concussion symptoms by sex (n = 1209)

Symptom	Sex	Mean	SD	F	p	d†
Significant at the 0.05 level; significant at the 0.01 level; ** significant at the 0.001 level.
†Cohen’s d; ‡not included in MANOVA.
Headache	Male	0.45	0.94	20.4	0.001***	0.25
	Female	0.73	1.24
Nausea	Male	0.15	0.53	7.9	0.005**	0.16
	Female	0.25	0.69
Vomiting	Male	0.05	0.32	0.99	0.32	0.04
	Female	0.04	0.23
Balance problems	Male	0.17	0.61	0.37	0.54	0.03
	Female	0.19	0.68
Dizziness	Male	0.21	0.61	1.7	0.19	0.07
	Female	0.26	0.75
Fatigue	Male	0.87	1.28	7.3	0.007**	0.16
	Female	1.08	1.35
Trouble falling asleep	Male	0.58	1.24	2.6	0.10	0.10
	Female	0.70	1.28
Sleeping more than usual	Male	0.29	0.85	6.2	0.01**	0.14
	Female	0.42	1.03
Sleeping less than usual	Male	0.66	1.29	1.48	0.22	0.07
	Female	0.75	1.28
Drowsiness	Male	0.53	1.06	6.2	0.01**	0.14
	Female	0.69	1.19
Sensitive to light	Male	0.21	0.70	8.9	0.003**	0.17
	Female	0.35	0.90
Sensitive to noise	Male	0.15	0.64	6.6	0.01**	0.15
	Female	0.26	0.82
Irritability	Male	0.43	1.03	3.3	0.07	0.08
	Female	0.54	1.09
Sadness	Male	0.25	0.75	14.9	0.001***	0.22
	Female	0.45	1.05
Nervousness	Male	0.31	0.82	11.7	0.001***	0.21
	Female	0.52	1.18
Feeling more emotional	Male	0.25	0.75	51.3	0.001***	0.40
	Female	0.68	1.31
Numbness	Male	0.08	0.41	0.09	0.76	0.02
	Female	0.09	0.51
Feeling slowed down	Male	0.42	0.97	1.56	0.21	0.07
	Female	0.49	0.98
Feeling mentally foggy	Male	0.35	0.87	0.34	0.56	0.03
	Female	0.38	1.04
Difficulty concentrating	Male	0.48	1.03	10.4	0.002**	0.18
	Female	0.69	1.26
Difficulty remembering	Male	0.32	0.89	3.6	0.06	0.11
	Female	0.43	1.04
Visual problems	Male	0.11	0.49	4.9	0.03**	0.13
	Female	0.18	0.61
Total symptoms‡	Male	7.34	11.01	17.4	0.001***	0.24
	Female	10.16	12.47