Authors | Comparison | Calibration | Ingestion | Sample | Protocol | Environment | Analysis | Valid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANOVA, analysis of variance; CV, coefficient of variation; DB, dry bulb air temperature; F, female; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; LoA, limits of agreement; M, male; NS, information not stated; RH, % relative humidity; RMSD, root mean squared deviation; V, km/h wind velocity; W, water temperature. | ||||||||
Values are mean (SD) or range. Comparison, method(s) against which intestinal temperature compared. | ||||||||
Ingestion, timing of sensor ingestion in hours or minutes before start of exercise or data collection. | ||||||||
Validity, decision of authors regarding acceptability of intestinal temperature as a valid index of TC. | ||||||||
Systems used: Custom-made ingestible temperature-sensing radio pill and receiver system developed by the National Institute for Medical Research, UK.20 Custom-made ingestible temperature sensing radio pill and receiver system developed by the Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, UK.9 Ingestible temperature-sensing radio pill and receiver system of unknown origin.12 Commercially available CorTemp system consisting of ingestible telemetric temperature sensor and data recorder (HQ Inc., Palmetto, Florida, USA) developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA.13,15,17,19 System consisting of CorTemp ingestible telemetric temperature sensor (HQ Inc.) and compact data receiver/logger (BBN Systems and Technologies, Massachusetts, USA).16 Commercially available VitalSense system consisting of Jonah ingestible temperature sensor and telemetric monitor (Mini Mitter Co., Inc., Bend, Oregon, USA).11 System used not stated.21 | ||||||||
Gibson et al9 | Oesophageal, rectal | Yes, method NS | 30 min | 7 M | Resting immersion, cycling | W = 41 and 10°C (rest), DB = 25°C (cycling) | Regression, RMSD | Yes |
Fox et al20 | Oesophageal, rectal | Water bath method NS | NS | NS | Rest, immersion, exercise | DB = NS, W = NS | NS | Yes |
Livingstone et al12 | Oesophageal, rectal | NS | NS | 5 M | Rest, walking | DB = 24–26°C (rest); DB = −32°C, V = 11 km/h (rest, walking) | NS | Yes |
Kolka et al13 | Oesophageal, rectal | NS | 2 (0.5) h | 8 M | Cycling | DB = 29.5°C | ANOVA | No |
Sparling et al14 | Rectal | Water bath, corrections applied | 3–4, 8–9 h | 6 M | Running, cycling | DB = 20.8°C, RH = 56% | t tests | No |
Kolka et al15 | Oesophageal | Water bath, inaccurate sensors eliminated | 2 (0.5) h | 4 F | Walking | DB = 30°C | Regression | Yes |
O’Brien et al16 | Oesophageal, rectal | Water bath, regression equation applied | 12 h | 9 (5 F, 4M) | Resting immersion, cycling immersion | W = 18 and 36°C | ANOVA, RMSD | Yes |
Lee et al17 | Oesophageal, rectal | Water bath, regression equation applied | 6 h | 7 (2F, 5M) | Rest, cycling | NS | ANOVA | Yes |
Ducharme et al21 | Rectal | NS | 40 min | 11 M | 36 h rest, walking, running | DB = 30°C, RH = 50% | NS | Yes |
Edwards et al18 | Rectal | NS | 1 h beforesleep | 8 M | Circadian monitoring | NS | Correlation, cosinor, LoA | Yes |
McKenzie and Osgood11 | Rectal | Yes, method NS | NS | 10 (4F, 6M) | Circadian monitoring | NS | Regression, ANOVA | Yes |
Gant et al19 | Rectal | Water bath, method NS | 10 h | 10 M, 9 M | Intermittent shuttle running | NS | ANOVA, LoA, ICC, CV | Yes |