Groin area in general | | Inspection and palpation21 |
Iliopsoas and rectus femoris | | Palpation,42 testing against resistance,22 Thomas’ test for flexibility and pain with passive stretching,23,42 and extension test for snapping psoas24 |
Sartorius and quadriceps femoris | | Palpation and testing against resistance23 |
Adductors and rectus abdominis | | Palpation of muscle bellies, tendons and insertions, testing against resistance and test for flexibility and pain with passive stretching23,25,42 |
Piriformis | | Palpation, and test for flexibility and pain with passive stretching23 |
Area above the inguinal ligament and the inguinal canal | | Inspection, palpation for tenderness and/or a cough impulse, in the standing and lying positions26–28 |
Spine | | Range of motion, palpation, skin-rolling test and springing test29,30 |
Sacroiliac joints | | Patrick’s test, Gillet’s test, sacroiliac joint shear test and forward-bending test30–32 |
Hip joints | | Range of motion and pain in the positions of maximal range of motion |
Pelvis | | Palpation of pubic symphysis,42 arches and tubercles |
Neurology | | Sensibility test, palpation for nerve entrapment33–36 |
Others | | Palpation of the prostate,37–39 scrotum, sacrotuberal ligament40 and pelvic floor41 |