Systemic factors for lower extremity injuries
| Determinant | Author | Injury | Specification of determinant | Outcome (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Not-running injuries and running injuries not involving the lower extremity were included, to establish the outcome. | ||||
| †Represents adjusted OR or RR. | ||||
| ‡RRs were calculated dividing the number of injured runners by the total number of runner-weeks accumulated (relative incidence ratios). | ||||
| §RRs were obtained from special subgroups in which information on distances run (miles) and time spent running (hours) was measured. | ||||
| BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; F, female; M, male; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference; RR, relative risk; y, years. | ||||
| Age | Taunton et al, 200319 | Overall injuries* | F Age >50 y | RR = 1.92 (1.11 to 3.33)† |
| New injuries* | F Age <31 y | RR = 0.58 (0.34 to 0.97)† | ||
| Satterthwaite et al, 199917 | Stiffness and/or pain in front thigh | Age 25–29 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 1.42 (0.79 to 2.53)† | |
| Stiffness and/or pain in front thigh | Age 30–34 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 1.83 (1.04 to 3.22)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in front thigh | Age 35–39 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 1.34 (0.77 to 2.31)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in front thigh | Age ⩾40 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 0.96 (0.56 to 1.63)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in calf | Age 25–29 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 0.60 (0.32 to 1.13)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in calf | Age 30–34 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 0.43 (0.23 to 0.78)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in calf | Age 35–39 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 0.56 (0.31 to 1.01)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in calf | Age ⩾40 y (ref <25 y) | OR = 0.40 (0.23 to 0.73)† | ||
| Wen et al, 199821 | Knee injuries | Higher age‡ | RR = 2.09 (0.95 to 4.58)† | |
| Overall injuries* | Higher age (miles)§ | RR = 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17)† | ||
| Lower age (miles)§ | RR = 0.39 (0.15 to 0.97)† | |||
| Macera et al, 198914 | Lower extremity injuries | M, higher age | OR = 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0)† | |
| M, higher age | OR = 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0)† | |||
| Kretsch et al, 198411 | Overall injuries* | Age 14–20 y (ref ⩾41 y) | p<0.025 | |
| Nicholl & Williams, 198215 | Overall injuries* | Age 40+ y | p<0.05 | |
| Macera et al, 199123 | Lower extremity musculoskeletal problems | M, higher age | OR = 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0)† | |
| F, higher age | OR = 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1)† | |||
| Jakobsen et al, 198922 | Overall injuries | Lower age | p<0.01 | |
| Nicholl & Williams, 198225 | Overall injuries* | Age <40 y (half marathon) | OR = 2.12 (1.13 to 3.98) | |
| Age <40 y (marathon) | OR = 1.31 (0.76 to 2.25) | |||
| Sex | Satterthwaite et al, 199917 | Stiffness and/or pain in hamstring | M | OR = 1.60 (1.04 to 2.47)† |
| Stiffness and/or pain in hip | F | OR = 1.88 (1.15 to 3.06)† | ||
| Stiffness and/or pain in calf | M | OR = 1.86 (1.29 to 2.68)† | ||
| Bennell et al, 19969 | Stress fractures | F | OR = 3.20 (0.42 to 24.42) | |
| Macera et al, 198914 | Lower extremity injuries | F | OR = 0.89 (0.58 to 1.37) | |
| Nicholl & Williams, 198215 | Overall injuries* | F | p<0.05 | |
| Macera et al, 199123 | Lower extremity musculoskeletal problems | F (marathon) | OR = 1.49 (0.53 to 4.25) | |
| F (5 and 10 km) | OR = 0.60 (0.32 to 1.10) | |||
| Jakobsen et al, 198922 | Overall injuries | F | p>0.05 | |
| Nicholl & Williams, 198225 | Overall injuries* | F (half marathon) | OR = 1.13 (0.63 to 2.01) | |
| F (marathon) | OR = 0.74 (0.34 to 1.61) | |||
| Height | Walter et al, 198920 | New injuries* | M 170–179 cm (average) (ref <170) | OR = 2.04 (1.15 to 3.46)† |
| M ⩾180 cm (tallest) (ref <170) | OR = 2.30 (1.29 to 3.90)† | |||
| F 160–169 cm (average) (ref <160) | OR = 1.29 (0.65 to 2.48)† | |||
| F ⩾170 cm (tallest) (ref <160) | OR = 0.78 (0.32 to 1.97)† | |||
| Weight | Wen et al, 199821 | Foot injuries | Higher weight‡ | RR = 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99)† |
| BMI | Taunton et al, 200319 | Overall injury* | M, BMI >26 | RR = 0.41 (0.21 to 0.79)† |
| Macera et al, 198914 | Lower extremity injuries | M, BMI (>74th centile) | OR = 0.7 (0.5 to 1.2)† | |
| M, BMI (<26th centile) | OR = 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9)† | |||
| F, BMI (>74th centile) | OR = 3.0 (0.5 to 18.8)† | |||
| F, BMI (<26th centile) | OR = 2.0 (0.6 to 6.6)† | |||
| Alignment | Lun et al, 200412 | Overall injuries | Left subtalar varus | CI = 0.2 to 4.2 |
| Wen et al, 199821 | Overall injuries* | Lower leg length difference (h)§ | RR = 1.96 (1.07 to 3.58)† | |
| Knee injuries | Higher arch index (h)§ | RR = 0 (0 to 0.37)† | ||
| Shin injuries | Lower heel valgus (miles)§ | RR = 0.08 (0.01 to 0.74)† | ||
| Foot injuries | Higher heel valgus (miles)§ | RR = 0.09 (0.01 to 0.81)† | ||
| Higher right arch index (h)§ | RR = 0.11 (0.01 to 0.90)† | |||
| Lower right arch index (h)§ | RR = 0.25 (0.05 to 1.20)† | |||
| Higher left tubercle–sulcus angle (miles)§ | RR = 11.02 (2.00 to 60.86)† | |||
| Higher knee varus (miles)§ | RR = 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15)† | |||
| Higher arch index (h)§ | RR = 0 (0 to 8.21)† | |||
| Higher heel valgus (miles)§ | RR = 0.76 (0.58 to 0.98)† | |||
| Higher heel valgus (h) § | RR = 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94)† | |||