| Study | Inclusion score (%) | Participants | Foot type definition | Injury definition | Outcomes |
| Busseuil et al 199828 | 67 | 66 Ath (50M; 16 F) age 34 (SD 10) yrs15 TSI.M/con (n = 216). | ST, DN: pressure analysis, rearfoot:forefoot angle (α) | NS | Lower static rearfoot:forefoot angles (a more pronated foot) in those with TSI |
| Ekenman et al 199625 | 56 | 29 Ath with TSF (11M; 18F) age NS M/con (n = 30). | DN: pressure analysis, tarsal region during gait | Radiography or bone scintigrams | Similar occurrence of HA in both TSF and M/con (approx 30%) |
| Kaufman et al 199927 | 78 | 449M Mil. age 22.5 (SD 2.5) yrsf/u 24 mo. 29 TSF. | ST: navicular height:foot length | Radiography or nuclear bone scan | Increased risk ratios associated with both PC and PP feet |
| DN: pressure analysis, midfoot:total foot contact area | |||||
| Korpelainen et al 200129 | 61 | 31 Ath (19M; 12F) age 20yrs | ST: subjective classification based on footprint analysis (PC/normal/PP) | Radiography or bone scintigrams | TSF 40% HA, control 13% HA |
| 45 TSF M/con (n = 15) | |||||
| Matheson et al 19873 | 61 | 320 Ath (145M; 175F) age NS.157 TSF. | ST: subjective classification (PC/normal/PP) | Triple bone scan | TSF approx 53% PP, approx 2% PC |
| Montgomery et al 198915 | 61 | 505M Mil, age 22 (SD 3) yrsf/u 6mo. 27 TSF | ST: subjective classification (PC/normal/PP) | Clinical examination | 20% TSF were PP. 0% TSF had PC |
| Simkin et al 198919 | 67 | 295M Mil. (age NS) f/u 3.5 mo. 286 TSF | ST: calcaneal angle measured from lateral radiographs | Radiography or bone scintigrams | TSF incidence of 9.8% in the LA group compared to 17.3% in HA group |
| Taunton et al 200226 | 56 | 67 Ath with TSF (27M; 40F) age 32.3 (SD NS) yrs M/con not available. | ST: subjective classification (HA/normal/LA) | Appropriate imaging modalities (NS) | PP 11% and PC 7% in those with TSF |
| Williams et al 200130 | 61 | 20HA age 28 (SD 8.1) yrs, 20LA age 27.7 (SD 7.5) yrsAth 18M; 22F. 6 TSF | ST: arch ratio (dorsum height/truncated foot length) | Clinical examination, injury history questionnaire | 50% more TSF observed in the high arched group |
Ath, athletes; DN, dynamic measurements; f/u, follow-up period; F, female; HA, high arched; LA, low arched; M, male; M/con, matched control; Mil, military recruits; mo, months; NS, not specified; PC, pes cavus; PP, pes planus; ST, static measurements; TSF, tibial stress fractures; TSI, tibial stress injuries.