Table 3 Summary of articles reporting on the diagnostic accuracy of OSTs for pathologies of the shoulder: impingement tests
Test, author [ref] and yearSample sizeSensitivity/specificityLR+/LR−QUADAS scoreCriterion standard
Neer test
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I86/491.69/0.29
Stage I–III68/692.17/0.47
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I71/311.02/0.94
Stage I–III89/311.28/0.37
MacDonald et al22 200085 subjects8Surgery
Stage I75/481.41/0.55
Stage I–III77/632.05/0.37
Bak & Fauno24 199772 shoulders7Surgery
Stages I–III39/9819.5/0.62
Leroux et al26 199555 patients
Stages I–III89/NRNR/NR10Surgery
Hawkins−Kennedy test
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I76/451.36/0.55
Stage I–III72/662.12/0.33
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I95/311.38/0.16
Stage I–III92/251.23/0.32
MacDonald et al22 200085 subjects8Surgery
Stage I92/441.65/0.19
Stages I–III89/602.23/0.18
Bak & Fauno24 199772 shoulders7Surgery
Stages I–III80/783.62/0.26
Leroux et al26 199555 patients10Surgery
Stages I–III87/NRNR/NR
Painful arc
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I71/471.33/0.63
Stage I–III74/813.89/0.33
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I10/8844/1.02
Stage I–III33/811.67/0.84
Cross-body adduction
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I25/801.25/0.94
Stage I–III23/821.25/0.95
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I62/310.90/1.23
Stage I–III82/281.13/0.65
Speed test
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I33/701.10/0.96
Stage I–III38/832.29/0.74
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I52/581.24/0.83
Stage I–III69/561.54/0.57
Drop arm
Park et al25 2005552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I14/7761/1.12
Stage I–III27/882.25/0.83
Calis et al21 2000125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I4/100NR/NR
Stage I–III8/972.79/0.95
Other tests
Park et al25 2005 − supraspinatus/empty can552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I25/6776/1.12
Stage I–III44/904.4/0.62
Park et al25 2005 − infraspinatus test552 subjects10Surgery
Stage I25/690.81/1.09
Stage I–III42/904.2/0.64
Calis et al212000 − Yergason test125 shoulders8Subacromial injection & MRI
Stage I10/880.45/1.02
Stage I–III37/862.7/0.73
Zaslav23 2001 − internal rotation resistance strength, non-subacromial and impingement tests110 subjects88/9625/0.128Surgery
Leroux et al26 1995 − Yocum testStages I–III55 patients78/NRNR/NR10Surgery

  • NR, not reported or unable to be calculated based on the article examined.

  • Stage I: impingements I  =  tendonitis or bursitis.

  • Stage II: impingement stage II  =  partial rotator cuff tear.

  • Stage III: impingement stage III  =  full or complete rotator cuff tear.

  • Where possible for tables 3–7, 2×2 tables were reconstructed and 0.5 was added to any cell with 0 subjects. Sensitivity = true positives/(true positives + false negatives). Specificity = true negatives/(true negatives + false positives). Positive likelihood ratios indicated by LR+  =  sensitivity/(1 − specificity). Negative likelihood ratios indicated by LR−  =  (1 − sensitivity)/specificity.