| Source | Country/cohort | Sex | Age at baseline/follow-up, years | Total N/no of cases, risk estimate | Walking assessment/categories | Outcome | Adjustments |
| LaCroix et al10 | USA | M/F | >65, 4–5 | 1645/131 (RR) | Self-reported walking time (<1–>4 hours/week) | CVD*†‡/all-cause mortality | Age, sex, BMI, BP ethnicity, education, income, PF, smoking, alcohol, medications |
| Hospital record | |||||||
| Wannamethee et al11 | UK/British Regional Heart Study | M | 40–59, 5 | 4311/219 (HR) | Self-reported walking time (0–>1 hour/day) | All-cause mortality | Age, smoking, social class, BMI, self-rated health, other PA |
| Medical record | |||||||
| Hakim et al12 | Hawaii/Honolulu Heart Program | M | 61–81, 12 | 707/208 (HR) | Self-reported walking distance (0–>3.2 km/day) | CVD*,†/all-cause mortality | Age, cholesterol, BP, DM, alcohol, fat & calorie intake, overall PA |
| Death record | |||||||
| Bijnen et al13 | Netherlands/Zutphen Study | M | 64–84, 10 | 802/373 (HR) | Self-reported walking time (0–>1 hour/week) | CVD*,†/all-cause mortality | Age, smoking, alcohol, disease history |
| Death record | |||||||
| Hakim et al14 | Hawaii/Honolulu Heart Program | M | 71–93, 2–4 | 2678/109 (HR) | Self-reported walking distance (0–>2.4 km/day) | CVD* (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, cholesterol, BP, DM, alcohol, fat & calorie intake, overall PA |
| Hospital record | |||||||
| Manson et al15 | USA/Nurse’s Health Study | F | 40–65, 8 | 72 488/645 (RR) | Self-reported walking time/pace (0–>3 hours/week; casual–fast) | CVD‡ (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, menopause, hypertension, DM, vitamin & aspirin intake |
| Medical record | |||||||
| Sesso et al16 | USA/College Alumni Health Study | F | 39–69, 31 | 1564/181 (HR) | Self-reported walking distance (0–>9.7 km/week) | CVD‡,§,** (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, BMI, hypertension, DM, smoking, overall PA |
| Self-report/death record | |||||||
| Sesso et al17 | USA/Harvard Alumni | M | 39–88, 16 | 12 516/2135 (HR) | Self-reported walking distance (<5–>20 km/week) | CVD‡,§,** (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, BMI, hypertension, DM, smoking, alcohol, overall PA |
| Self-report/death record | |||||||
| Stessman et al18 | Israel/Jerusalem 70-year olds | M/F | 70, 6 | 456/24 (RR) | Self-reported walking time (0–>4 hours/week) | All-cause mortality | Sex, smoking, economic hardship, disease history |
| Death record | |||||||
| Davey Smith et al19 | UK/Whitehall II | M | 40–64, 25 | 6702/2859 (HR) | Self-reported walking pace (slow–fast) | CVD*†‡/all-cause mortality | Age, work grade, BMI, FEV, smoking, BP, cholesterol. |
| Death record | |||||||
| Lee et al20 | USA/Women’s Health Study | F | >45, 5 | 39 372/244 (HR) | Self-reported walking time/pace (0–>2 hours/week; normal–fast) | CVD*,‡,** (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, smoking, alcohol, fat intake, fibre, fruit & veg, menopause, HRT |
| Self-report, death record | |||||||
| Manson et al21 | USA/Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study | F | 50–79, 5.9 | 73 743/1896 (HR) | Self-reported walking time/pace (0–>3 hours/week; casual–fast) | CVD†,‡,§,¶,** (fatal & non fatal) | Age, smoking, education, ethnicity, family income, BMI, WHR, alcohol, age at menopause, HRT, fat, fibre, fruit & veg intake |
| Medical records | |||||||
| Tanasescu et al22 | USA/Health Professional’s Study | M | 40–75, 12 | 44 452/1700 (HR) | Self-reported walking time/pace (0–>3 hours/week; normal–fast) | CVD*,‡ (fatal & non-fatal) | Age, smoking, alcohol, nutrient intake, cholesterol, DM, hypertension |
| Medical records, death records | |||||||
| Gregg et al23 | USA/Study of Osteoporotic Fractures | F | >65, 12.5 | 9518/2218 (HR) | Self-reported walking (<70–>898 kcal/week) | CVD*/all-cause mortality | Age, smoking, BMI, diabetes hypertension, stroke, self- rated health |
| Death record | |||||||
| Fujita et al24 | Japan/Miyagi Cohort | M/F | 40–64, 10 | 41 163/1879 (HR) | Self-reported walking (0–>1 hour/day) | All-cause mortality | Age, sex, education, marital status, disease history, smoking, alcohol, BMI, fruit & veg intake |
| Death record | |||||||
| Noda et al25 | Japan/JACC | M/F | 40–79, 9.7 | 73 265/1946 (HR) | Self-reported walking time (0–>1 hour/day) | CVD*†‡ mortality | Age, sex, sports time, BMI, smoking, alcohol, sleep, education, hypertension, DM, sleep, mental stress, job style, fish intake |
| Death record | |||||||
| Schnohr et al26 | Denmark Copenhagen City Heart Study | M/F | 20–93, 10–13 | 7308/1391 (HR) | Self-reported walking time/pace (0–>2 hours/day; slow–fast) | All-cause mortality | Age, sports activities, BMI, BP, DM, cholesterol, medication, alcohol, smoking, income, education |
| Death record | |||||||
| Matthews et al27 | China/Shanghai Women’s Health Study | F | 40–70, 5.7 | 67 143/1091 (HR) | Self-reported walking (0–>10 MET hours/day) | CVD*†‡/all-cause mortality | Age, marital status, income, education, alcohol, smoking, pregnancies, contraceptives, menopause, other physical activity, hypertension, DM |
| Death record |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease (identified from *coronary heart disease endpoint, †stroke, ‡myocardial infarction, §angina pectoris, ¶congestive heart failure, **coronary revascularisation procedures); DM, diabetes mellitus; FEV, forced expiratory volume; HR, hazard ratio; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent; PA, physical activity; PF, physical functioning; RR, relative risk; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.