Outcome (unit) | Walking programme vs placebo activity programme | FA/B12/B6 vs placebo pills | ||||||
Men (WP: n = 37 vs PAP: n = 48) | Women (WP: n = 40 vs PAP: n = 27) | Men (vit B: n = 44 vs placebo: n = 41) | Women (vitamin B: n = 34 vs placebo: n = 33) | |||||
β (95% CI)¶ | p Value | β (95% CI)¶ | p Value | β (95% CI)¶ | p Value | β (95% CI)¶ | p Value | |
AVLT 1–5 (words)† | −1.4 (−4.1; 1.3) | 0.31 | −0.6 (−3.8 to 2.6) | 0.72 | −2.2 (−5.1 to 0.6) | 0.12 | −0.1 (−3.4 to 3.3) | 0.97 |
AVLT 6 (words)† | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) | 0.58 | −0.4 (−1.6 to 0.9) | 0.56 | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.3) | 0.25 | 0.0 (−1.3 to 1.3) | 0.99 |
SCWT-A task 1 (s)‡ | 0.6 (−0.6 to 1.8) | 0.29 | −1.3 (−2.9 to 0.3) | 0.10 | 0.0 (−1.3 to 1.2) | 0.98 | −0.9 (−2.6 to 0.7) | 0.27 |
SCWT-A task 2 (s)‡ | −1.0 (−2.2 to 0.2) | 0.10 | 0.6 (−0.9 to 2.1) | 0.46 | 0.1 (−1.1 to 1.4) | 0.84 | −0.7 (−2.2 to 0.9) | 0.39 |
SCWT-A task 3 (s)‡ | 0.9 (−6.8 to 8.7) | 0.81 | −4.1 (−13.3 to 5.2) | 0.38 | 3.1 (−5.1 to 11.3) | 0.45 | −1.1 (−10.8 to 8.7) | 0.83 |
DSST (symbols)† | 0.9 (−1.2 to 3.0) | 0.40 | 0.8 (−1.4 to 3.1) | 0.47 | −1.4 (−3.7 to 0.8) | 0.20 | 2.9 (0.6 to 5.3) | 0.02* |
VFT (words)† | −1.7 (−4.4 to 1.0) | 0.21 | −1.4 (−4.8 to 2.0) | 0.42 | 0.8 (−2.0 to 3.6) | 0.58 | −1.0 (−4.5 to 2.6) | 0.59 |
AVLT, auditory verbal learning test; DSST, digit symbol substitution test; FA/B12/B6, folic acid, vitamins B-12 and B-6; PAP, placebo activity programme; s, seconds; SCWT-A, Stroop colour word test–abridged; VFT, verbal fluency test; WP, walking programme.
*Significant difference between FA/B12/B6 and placebo.
†Higher score indicates better performance; ‡Lower score indicates better performance.
¶The βs (95% CI) indicate the difference in outcome between the walking programme and the placebo activity programme or between the vitamin pills and the placebo pills: the unit is the unit of the outcome measure.