Table 8

Bullying: classifications, constituents and examples in sport

Non-relational maltreatment	Classifications	Constituents	Examples in sport
Bullying	Physical bullying	Theft	Theft of a team-mates sporting equipment
		Hitting, kicking, punching, shoving, slapping, biting	Hitting, kicking, punching, shoving, slapping or biting an athlete
		Preventing a person from going somewhere	Exclusion of an athlete from the locker room
	Emotional bullying	Teasing, spreading rumours, threatening comments, name-calling, humiliation, ridicule	Teasing, spreading rumours, threatening comments, name-calling, humiliation or ridicule of an athlete
	Social bullying	Isolation from social activities or non-acceptance in a peer group	Intentional exclusion of an athlete from postcompetition celebrations
	Social bullying	Hazing or initiation rituals	Forcing a teammate to engage in an initiation activity (eg, act as a personal servant, drink excessively, perform dangerous or criminal activities, simulation of sexual acts)

In order for the described behaviours to be defined as non-relational maltreatment, they must occur outside a critical relationship.