Table 5

Overview of 13 athletes who underwent stage 3 additional testing and/or athletes who had diagnoses of cardiovascular disease

NumberSexAge (years)HistoryPhysical examinationECGEchocardiographyExercise test24 h ECG registrationSA-ECGAdditional testsDiagnosesSport eligibility
132NormalNormalPre-excitation, delta waveNPNPNPNPEPT, benign accessory tract right inferolateralWPW syndromeNo restriction
222NormalNormalHigh voltage with T-top inversionMinor pulmonary valve insufficiencyNPNPNPNPInsufficient pulmonary valve, minorNo restriction, echocardiogram in 1 year
323Exertional chest pain, palpitations and a positive family history of premature MINormal(inc) RBBB*Dilated right ventricleNormalNormalNormalMRI, EBT scan, Lung perfusion scan and chest x ray showed no abnormalitiesNo cardiovascular diseaseNo restriction
421Father with DCM and a positive family history of premature MINormalFirst-degree AV-blockMinor dilated left ventricle with minor decrease of functionNPNPNPMRI showed no abnormalitiesNo cardiovascular diseaseNo restriction
515NormalNormalFrontal plane axis deviation to the right (>120°), ST inversion V2–V4Slight aneurismatic trabeculised right ventricleNormalNormalNormalMRI showed no abnormalitiesNo cardiovascular diseaseNo restriction
621Sudden cardiac death of mother at age 52 years, palpitationsNormalNormalNormalVarying QTc time with T-top abnormalitiesVarying QTc time (400–450 ms)Abnormal (2 criteria)Cardiogenetic evaluation(suspicion of) Congenital Long-Qt syndromeTreatment with B-blockade, temporary restriction
719NormalNormalLong QTc and T-wave flattening and inversion in two or more leadsNormalT-wave inversion in more than two leadsProlonged QTc (average 460 ms)NPCardiogenetic evaluation(suspicion of) Congenital Long-Qt syndromeTreatment with B-blockade, temporary restriction
824NormalHypertension and a systolic heart murmurHigh voltage with (inc) RBBBNormalNP*NPNPNPHypertensionTreatment of hypertension by physician, no restrictions
922Brother with congenital cardiovascular abnormalitiesHypertensionNormalNormalNPNPNPNPHypertensionTreatment of hypertension by physician, no restrictions
1022NormalHypertensionNormalNPNPNPNPNPHypertensionTreatment of hypertension by physician, no restrictions
1120Palpitations, exertional chest pain, shortness of breath, and a positive family history of premature MINormalNormalNormalNormalNormalNPNP(suspicion of) Benign AVNRT (CMT)*No restrictions
1221Palpitations, shortness of breath, dizzinessNormalNormalNormalNormalNormalNPNP(suspicion of) Benign AVNRT (CMT)No restrictions
1315NormalNormalPremature ventricular beats and more severe ventricular arrhythmiasSigns of an apical localised ARVCExcessive ventricular arrhythmiasExcessive ventricular arrhythmiasAbnormal (3 criteria)MRI will follow(High suspicion of) ARVCDisqualified for sports participation
  • ARVC, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; AV, atrioventricular; AVNRT, atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia; CMT, circus movement tachycardia; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; EBT, electron beam tomography; ECG, electrocardiogram; EPT, electrophysiological testing; MI, myocardial infarction; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NP, not performed; RBBB, right bundle branch block; SA-ECG, signal-averaged electrocardiogram; WPW, Wolff–Parkinson–White.