Number (n) and proportions (%) of injury and illness types, locations, affected systems, symptoms and causes separated for bob (bob, skeleton, luge), curling, ice hockey, alpine and snowboarding (alpine skiing, ski and snowboard cross, freestyle aerials and moguls, snowboard half pipe and slalom) and Nordic Skiing (biathlon, cross-country, ski jumping, Nordic combined)
| Bob n=314 (%) | Curling n=100 (%) | Ice hockey n=444 (%) | Skating n=432 (%) | Alpine and snowboarding n=665 (%) | Nordic skiing n=615 (%) | All n=2567 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Injuries | 36 (11.5) | 4 (4.0) | 82 (18.5) | 47 (10.9) | 102 (15.3) | 16 (2.6) | 287 (11.2) |
| Injury location* | |||||||
| Face (including eye, ear, nose) | – | – | 11 | 1 | 1 | – | 13 (4.6) |
| Head | 6 | – | 5 | 2 | 17 | – | 30 (10.5) |
| Neck/cervical spine | 6 | – | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 16 (5.6) |
| Thoracic spine/upper back | 5 | – | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | 10 (3.5) |
| Sternum/ribs | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 (1.8) |
| Lumbar spine/lower back | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 16 (5.6) |
| Abdomen | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | 1 | 5 (1.8) |
| Pelvis/sacrum/buttock | – | – | 6 | – | 5 | – | 11 (3.9) |
| Shoulder/clavicular | 1 | – | 2 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 15 (5.3) |
| Upper arm | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Elbow | – | – | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 9 (3.2) |
| Forearm | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Wrist | – | 1 | 8 | 2 | 3 | – | 14 (4.9) |
| Hand | – | – | 1 | 4 | 4 | – | 9 (3.2) |
| Finger | – | 1 | 5 | – | 2 | – | 8 (2.8) |
| Hip | 3 | – | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 11 (3.9) |
| Groin | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Thigh | 4 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 1 | – | 20 (7.0) |
| Knee | 1 | – | 7 | 5 | 24 | 2 | 39 (13.7) |
| Lower leg | 6 | – | – | 5 | 6 | 1 | 18 (6.3) |
| Achilles tendon | – | – | – | 2 | – | 1 | 3 (1.1) |
| Ankle | 1 | – | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 16 (5.6) |
| Foot/toe | – | – | 4 | 1 | 3 | – | 8 (2.8) |
| Injury type* | |||||||
| Concussion | 5 | – | 3 | 1 | 11 | – | 20 (7.0) |
| Fracture (trauma, stress, other bone injuries) | – | – | 5 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 19 (6.6) |
| Sprain (dislocation, subluxation, ligamentous rupture) | 3 | – | 13 | 4 | 28 | 3 | 51 (17.7) |
| Strain (muscle rupture, tear, tendon rupture) | 10 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 36 (12.6) |
| Meniscus, cartilage | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 (1.4) |
| Contusion, haematoma, bruise | 11 | – | 29 | 9 | 28 | 3 | 80 (27.8) |
| Tendinosis, tendinopathy | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 16 (5.6) |
| Arthritis, synovitis, bursitis | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Impingement | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Laceration, abrasion, skin lesion | 2 | – | 12 | 9 | 2 | – | 25 (8.8) |
| Dental injury, broken tooth | – | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | 3 (1.1) |
| Muscle cramps, spasm | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 (2.8) |
| Other (incl. nerve, spinal cord, fasciitis) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 14 (4.9) |
| Injury cause† | |||||||
| Overuse (gradual onset) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 19 (7.7) |
| Overuse (sudden onset) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 12 (4.8) |
| Non-contact trauma | 5 | – | 6 | 9 | 34 | 3 | 57 (23.0) |
| Recurrence of previous injury | 3 | – | – | 3 | 4 | – | 10 (4.0) |
| Contact with another athlete | 1 | – | 29 | 5 | 1 | – | 36 (14.5) |
| Contact with moving object | 3 | – | 22 | – | – | – | 25 (10.1) |
| Contact with stagnant object | 17 | – | 11 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 54 (21.8) |
| Violation of rules | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 (0.8) |
| Field or play conditions | – | – | – | – | 9 | 1 | 10 (4.0) |
| Weather conditions | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | 3 (1.2) |
| Equipment failure | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 (1.2) |
| Other | 4 | – | 1 | – | 10 | 2 | 17 (6.9) |
| Illnesses‡ | 19 (6.1) | 10 (10.0) | 25 (5.6) | 50 (11.6) | 30 (4.5) | 45 (7.6) | 181 (7.1) |
| Illness affected system§ | |||||||
| Gastrointestinal | 3 | – | 12 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 36 (20.0) |
| Respiratory | 13 | 8 | 12 | 32 | 15 | 33 | 113 (62.8) |
| Allergic, immunological | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | 4 (2.2) |
| Metabolic, endocrinological | – | – | 1 | 3 | – | 2 | 6 (3.3) |
| Dermatologic | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | 4 | – | 8 (4.4) |
| Other (including urogenital, gynaecological, cardiovascular, neurological, psychiatric, musculoskeletal, dental) | 1 | 1 | – | 5 | 3 | 2 | 12 (6.7) |
| Illness symptom§ | |||||||
| Fever | 1 | – | 4 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 16 (8.9) |
| Pain | 7 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 50 (27.9) |
| Diarrhoea, vomiting | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 17 (9.5) |
| Dyspnoea, cough | 4 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 13 | 38 (21.2) |
| Other (including dehydration, anaphylaxis, lethargy, dizziness) | 6 | 6 | 7 | 22 | 9 | 7 | 58 (32.4) |
| Illness cause¶ | |||||||
| Infection | 13 | 7 | 16 | 27 | 18 | 29 | 111 (63.8) |
| Environmental | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 17 (9.8) |
| Exercise-induced | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | 4 | 7 (4.0) |
| Other (including pre-existing, drug) | 4 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 39 (22.4) |