Reference | Setting | Sample size | Outcome measure | Time to recovery |
Bleiberg et al 200423 | Boxing programme—US Military academy | 64 concussions, 18 controls | Computerised test battery (ANAM) | Cognitive recovery 3–7 days post injury |
Echemendia et al 20017 | Collegiate athletes | 29 concussions, 20 controls | Paper-and-pencil test battery | No significant differences to baseline within 7 days post injury |
Hinton-Bayre et al 199927 | Elite Australian Rugby league | 20 concussions | Paper-and-pencil test battery | 60% recovered by 1–2 weeks post injury |
Iverson et al 200610 | High school & collegiate concussion programme | 30 concussions | Computerised test battery (ImPACT) | 63% recovered by 10 days post injury |
McCrae et al 200312 | Collegiate American football | 94 concussions, 56 controls | Paper-and-pencil test battery | All athletes returned to baseline levels by 3–5 days post injury |
Pellman et al 200413 | Professional American football | 787 concussions | Paper-and-pencil test battery | All athletes returned to baseline levels within 5 days of injury |
Sim et al 200818 | High school concussion programme | 14 concussions, 14 controls | Computerised test battery (ANAM) | Cognitive recovery 7–10 days post injury |
ANAM, automated neuropsychological assessment metrics.