| Sport | Reference | Level of participation | Study duration | Injury mechanism | |||
| Player contact | Surface | Ball/puck-stick | Boards | ||||
| Football (soccer) | 6 | US college & high school | 1 yr | M | F | F | NA |
| 8, 9 | US college* | 15 yr | M | F | F | NA | |
| Basketball | 6 | US college & high school | 1 yr | M | F | F | NA |
| 10, 11 | US college | 16 yr | M | F | F | NA | |
| Ice hockey | 15, 16 | US college* | 4 yr | M | F | similar | similar |
NA, not applicable. Note: Gender (M-male, F-female) with highest % of each mechanism is reported. *Mechanism pattern significantly different by gender—χ2 analysis (p<0.001)