Author | Activity | N-total (sex) | Injury history* | Previous orthosis experience (mo) | Paradigm | Intervention | Review category | Control | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Branthwaite et al32 | Walking | 9 M | 1 | 0 | Kinematic |
| Posted non-moulded, Posted non-moulded | Running sandal | Insufficient data to calculate CI |
Butler et al41 | Jogging | 15 | 1 | 0 | Shock attenuation |
| Posted non-moulded, Posted non-moulded | Shoe | Heel counter removed |
Eng and Pierrynowski38 | Walking and jogging | 10 F | 3 | See comments | Kinematic | Flat Spenco insole postedmedially in rearfoot and forefoot with rubber wedges | Posted non-moulded | Shoe | Participants had previously been prescribed orthoses by the same physical therapist and physician, time period not specified |
MacLean et al36 | Jogging | 12 F | 2 | Not stated | Kinematic, shock attenuation | Semirigid thermoplastic functional foot orthosis intrinsically posted to calcaneal vertical and inverted an addition 5°. Featured added EVA rearfoot stabiliser and EVA top cover | Posted moulded (inverted) | Shoe | Measures taken initially then post 6-weeks of wearing orthosis |
MacLean et al37 | Jogging | 15 F | 1 | 0 | Kinematic | Cast to calcaneal vertical and intrinsically posted an additional 5°. Extrinsic rearfoot post and EVA cushioning top cover | Posted moulded | Shoe | Authors state effect sizes (ES) but do not provide enough data to calculate mean difference and 95% CI |
McCulloch et al5 | Walking at 2 speeds | 10 (5 M, 5 F) | 3 | See comments | Kinematic | Rigid and semirigid posted to correct “biomechanical dysfunction” | Posted moulded | Shoe | Reported as “maximum pronation.” However, methodology describes rearfoot eversion |
Miller et al42 | Walking | 25 (13 M, 12 F) | 1 | Not stated | Shock attenuation | Custom plastic polymer orthoses with medial firm heel post | Posted moulded | Shoe | Not enough data to calculated mean differences and 95% CI |
Mündermann et al30 | Jogging | 21 (9 M, 12 F) | 1 | 0 | Kinematic, shock attenuation |
| Posted non-moulded, non-posted moulded, posted moulded | Flat EVA insert in running sandal | Ran for 2 weeks in running sandal before data collection |
Mündermann et al46 | Jogging | 20 (9 M, 12 F) | 1 | Not stated | Neuromotor control |
| Posted non-moulded, non-posted moulded, posted moulded | Flat EVA insert in running sandal | Ran for 2 weeks in running sandal before data collection |
Murley and Bird47 | Walking | 15 (7 M, 10 F) | 1 | Not stated | Neuromotor control | Custom-made rigid with 15° post | Posted moulded | Shoe | Orthosis worn for 4 weeks before data collection |
Nawoczenski and Ludewig44 | Jogging | 12 (6 M, 6 F) | 3 | 0 | Neuromotor control | Custom semirigid polypropylene with extrinsic rearfoot and intrinsic forefoot post | Posted moulded | Running sandal | Orthosis worn for 3–4 weeks before data collection. Authors do not provide sufficient data to calculate ES. |
Nester et al40 | 108 steps/min | 15 (8 M, 7 F) | 1 | Not stated | Kinematic, shock attenuation | High-density EVA with medium density 10° post placed medially laterally | Posted non-moulded | Shoe | Data presented as graphs only |
Nigg et al31 | Jogging | 15 M | 1 | 0 | Kinematic | Prefabricated rigid EVA with 4.5-mm medial or lateral posts:
| Posted non-moulded | Manufacturer's insert in shoe | Insufficient data to calculate ES |
Nigg et al34 | Jogging | 12 M | 1 | 0 | Kinematic | Bilayer orthoses (moulding not specified) made from polyurethane uppers and polyethylene or EVA lower layer:
| Density | Shoe | Heel counter removed. Not enough data provided to calculate mean difference or CI |
Nigg et al43 | Jogging | 16 M | 1 | Not stated | Shock attenuation | Commercially available viscoelastics orthoses with Shore values:
| Density | Shoe with manufacturer's insert ± horse shoe-shaped rearfoot stabiliser | When compared with shoe with rearfoot stabiliser, orthosis condition also had rearfoot stabiliser. |
Stackhouse et al39 | Jogging | 15 | 1 | 0 | Kinematic | Semirigid functional orthotic devises fabricated from suborthelene with neoprene covers with 6° varus posting | Posted moulded | Shoe | 2 weeks adjustment period before data collection. Heel counter removed. Insufficient data to calculate CI and ES |
Stacoff et al33 | Walking | 8 M | 3 | 0 | Kinematic, neuromotor control |
| Posted non-moulded, posted moulded, irregular surface | Running sandal | Comparisons made between orthoses and first control trials (start of testing period) |
Tomaro and Burdett45 | Walking | 10 (3 M, 7 F) | 2 | >6 | Neuromotor control | Sporthotic devices, modified to individuals' subtalar neutral | Posted moulded | Shoe | |
Williams et al35 | Jogging | 11 (5 M, 6 F) | 2 | Chronic | Kinematic | Custom-made rigid. Internally posted to the forefoot deformity and externally posted to:
| Posted moulded, posted moulded (inverted) | Shoe | |
Zifchock and Davis29 | Walking | 37 (17 M, 20 F) | 1 | 0 | Kinematic | Semigraphite with vinyl covers:
| Posted moulded, posted moulded | Shoe | Divided into high and low arch based on arch height index |
↵* Injury history: 1, no history of injury; 2, history of injury; 3, current injury.
EVA, ethylene-vinyl acetate; M, male; F, female.