| Beard et al,35 Australia, controlled trial | Approximately 90 000 people aged ≥60 years, resident in North Coast region of New South Wales | “Stay on Your Feet20” 1992–1996 (community education, policy development, home hazard reduction, media campaigns and working with healthcare professionals), interstate control region (Method 1) and the state of New South Wales (Method 2) (5 years) | Falls-related hospital admissions 1989 to 1996 calculated based on | Societal, Australian dollars, 1995–1996 | No | 8% Intervention 1992 to 1996 Hospital admissions 1989 to 1996 |
| Method 1: hospital admission rates, aged ≥60 years, total inpatient costs averted $A7 107 703 |
| Method 2: falls-related diagnostic-related group costs, aged ≥65 years, total inpatient costs averted $A6 184 530 |
| Campbell et al,30 New Zealand, randomised controlled trial (2×2 factorial) | 391 women and men, aged ≥75 years, severe visual impairment (visual acuity 6/24 or worse), recruited through Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind and low vision clinics | Home safety assessment and modification (n = 198), no home safety programme (n = 193) (1 to 2 home visits by experienced occupational therapist) | 41% reduction in falls, 99 falls prevented in 1 year | Societal, New Zealand dollars, 2004 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 1 year |
| Rizzo et al,34 United States, randomised controlled trial | 301 women and men, aged ≥70 years, one or more of eight specified risk factors for falling | Targeted multifactorial intervention (n = 153) (behavioural instructions, exercise programmes, adjustment to medications, home safety), home visits, usual care (n = 148) (delivered by physician, at home by nurse and physiotherapist, 3 months with additional 3 months maintenance phase) | 31% reduction in falls,18 66 falls prevented in 1 year | Not stated, US dollars, 1993 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 1 year |
| Robertson et al,32 New Zealand, randomised controlled trial | 233 women, aged ≥80 years, recruited from 17 general practices | Exercise intervention41 (specific set of muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises prescribed at home by physiotherapist, four home visits and monthly phone calls) (n = 116); social visits and usual care (n = 117) (1 year) | 32% reduction in falls,42 64 falls prevented in 1 year | Societal, New Zealand dollars, 1995 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 1 year |
| Robertson et al,31 New Zealand, randomised controlled trial | 240 women and men, aged ≥75 years, recruited from 17 general practices | Exercise intervention41 (specific set of muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises prescribed at home by trained community nurse, supervised by physiotherapist, five home visits and monthly phone calls) (n = 121), usual care (n = 119) (1 year) | 46% reduction in falls,42 29 falls prevented | Societal, New Zealand dollars, 1998 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 1 year |
| Robertson et al,33 New Zealand, controlled trial | 450 women and men, aged ≥80 years, recruited from 32 general practices | Exercise intervention41 (specific set of muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises prescribed at home by three trained nurses, supervised by physiotherapist, five home visits and monthly phone calls) (n = 330), usual care (n = 120) (1 year) | 30% reduction in falls,42 90.77 (pro rata) falls prevented | Societal, New Zealand dollars, 1998 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 1 year |
| Sach et al,38 UK, randomised controlled trial and cost–utility model | 306 women, aged ≥70 years, bilateral cataracts | Expedited (4 weeks) first eye cataract surgery (n = 148), usual care (routine 9–13-month wait list) (n = 140) (routine cataract operation) | 34% reduction in falls,22 number of falls prevented not reported | National Health Service, Personal Social Services, pounds sterling, 2004 | Probabilistic using a range of estimates of cost items and quality of life variability for intervention | Not applicable (1 year results) 3.5% (lifetime analysis) |
| Salkeld et al,36 Australia, randomised controlled trial | 530 women and men, age ≥65 years, 444 recruited before discharge from selected hospital wards, 26 from outpatient clinics, 60 from day centres | Routine occupational therapy home safety assessment and modification (n = 264), usual care (n = 266) (one home visit, follow-up phone call 2 weeks later) | 14% reduction in falls,43 98 falls prevented | Societal, Australian dollars, 1997 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable 378 days |
| Smith et al,37 Australia, decision analytic model | Not applicable | Assessment of home hazards and provision of fall prevention devices (hypothetical intervention), usual care (estimated total 4 h per person by nurse or occupational therapist) | Assumed 25%18 reduction in number of fallers | Not stated, Australian dollars, 1996 | Selective one-way using a range of estimates of cost items for intervention | Not applicable (1 year) 5% (10 years) |