| Beard et al,35 cost–benefit analysis | Costs of intervention programme (staff, printing, marketing, overheads), fall-related inpatient hospital costs | Total direct costs of intervention programme (public and private expenditure) $A805 579 | Average benefit-to-cost ratio 8.5:1 (State Government), 13.75:1 (Commonwealth Government), and 20.6:1 (Australian community) | |
| Campbell et al,30 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention costs (training costs, recruitment, occupational therapists’ time and transport, administration, services and equipment installed in homes, overhead costs) | Total cost $NZ64 337, mean (SD) $NZ325 (292) per participant | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention $NZ650 | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention £304 |
| Rizzo et al,34 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention costs (developmental and training costs, recruitment costs, overheads, equipment and staff-related costs), fall-related and total healthcare use (hospitalisation, emergency department, outpatient, home care, skilled nursing facilities) | Cost per participant mean (range) $US905 (588 to 1346) | Using mean costs: $US1772 per fall prevented for intervention costs only, total healthcare cost per fall prevented <$US0, total healthcare cost per medical fall prevented <$US0 | Using mean costs: £1724 per fall prevented for intervention costs only, total healthcare cost per fall prevented <£0, total healthcare cost per “medical’ fall prevented <£0 |
| Robertson et al,32 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention costs (recruitment, programme delivery, overhead), healthcare costs resulting from falls and total healthcare costs during trial (actual cost of hospital admissions and outpatient services, estimates of general practitioner and other costs) | Mean cost per person for 1 year $NZ173 | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention $NZ314 | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention £173 |
| Robertson et al,31 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention costs (training course, recruitment, supervision of exercise instructor, programme delivery, overhead), actual hospital costs resulting from falls during trial | Total cost NZ$52 299, mean cost per person for 1 year $NZ432 | Incremental cost per fall prevented $NZ1803 (delivering intervention), $NZ155 (delivering intervention and hospital costs averted), participants ≥80 years <$NZ0 (delivering intervention and hospital costs averted) | Incremental cost per fall prevented £942 (delivering intervention), £81 (delivering intervention and hospital costs averted), participants ≥80 years <£0 (delivering intervention and hospital costs averted) |
| Robertson et al,33 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention costs (training course, recruitment, supervision of exercise instructor, programme delivery, overhead) | Total cost $NZ137 878, mean cost per person for 1 year $NZ418 | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention $NZ1519 | Incremental cost per fall prevented for delivering intervention £794 |
| Sach et al,38 cost-effectiveness analysis and cost–utility analysis | Secondary healthcare (cataract operation, bed days, outpatient, emergency department, lower and upper limb fractures), primary healthcare (general practitioner visits, practice/district nurse visits), personal social services (home care, day care centre, residential and nursing home care, meals on wheels, special equipment), patient and carers’ costs (home care, time costs) | Mean (SD) cataract operation £672 | Incremental cost per fall prevented £4390 (1 year), £35 704 per QALY gained (1 year), £13 172 per QALY gained (over participants’ expected lifetime) | Incremental cost per fall prevented £4732 (1 year), £38 482 per QALY gained (1 year), £14 197 per QALY gained (over participants’ expected lifetime) |
| Salkeld et al,36 cost-effectiveness analysis | Hospitalisation, other healthcare costs provided in an institutional setting (eg, outpatients), other healthcare costs provided in the home (eg, home nursing), informal care costs (eg, personal care provided by a relative or friend and help around the home), home modification costs, occupational therapist (intervention costs) in subsample of 103 in the intervention group and 109 in the control group (last 212 recruited into trial) | Not reported (mean occupational therapist cost $A 116, mean home modification costs $A7) | Incremental cost per fall prevented $A4986 (hospital costs, other healthcare costs, occupational therapist, home modifications, informal care costs), participants with a previous fall <$A0 (sensitivity analysis, outliers removed) | Incremental cost per fall prevented £3040 (hospital costs, other healthcare costs, occupational therapist, home modifications, informal care costs), participants with a previous fall <£0 (sensitivity analysis, outliers removed) |
| Smith and Widiatmoko,37 cost-effectiveness analysis | Intervention cost (installation and recommendation of aids, 1 h visit from occupational therapist, travel time), nursing home care, hip fracture rehabilitation, home healthcare, hospitalisation as a result of a fall injury | Incremental cost per person $A172 | Incremental cost per fall prevented $A1721 (intervention and fall-related healthcare costs) | Incremental cost per fall prevented £1052 (intervention and fall-related healthcare costs) |