Checklist for the assessment of methodological quality of cross-sectional studies, case–control studies and prospective cohort studies
Study type | |
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Study objective | |
1 Positive, if the study had a clearly defined objective | CS/CC/PC |
Study population | |
2 Positive, if the main features of the study population are described (sampling frame and distribution of the population according to age and sex) | CS/CC/PC |
3 Positive, if cases and controls are drawn from the same population and a clear definition of cases and controls is given and if subjects with the disease/symptom in the past 3 months are excluded from the control group | CC |
4 Positive, if the participation rate is at least 80% or if the participation rate is 60–80% and the non-response is not selective (data shown) | CS/CC/PC |
5 Positive, if the participation rate at main moment of follow-up is at least 80% or if the non-response is not selective (data shown) | PC |
Outcome measurements | |
6 Positive, if data on history of the disease/symptom is collected and included in the statistical analysis | CS/CC/PC |
7 Positive, if the outcome is measured in an identical manner among cases and controls | CC |
8 Positive, if the outcome assessments is blinded with respect to disease status | CS/CC |
9 Positive, if the outcome is assessed at a time before the occurrence of the disease/symptom | CC |
Assessment of the outcome | |
10 Positive, if the time period on which the assessment of disease/symptom was based was at least 1 year | PC |
11 Method for assessing injury status: physical examination blinded to exposure status (+); self-reported: specific questions relating to symptoms/disease/use of manikin (+), single question (−) | CS/CC/PC |
12 Positive, if incident cases were included (prospective enrolment) | CC |
Analysis and data presentation | |
13 Positive, if the measures of association estimated were presented (OR/RR), including CI and numbers in the analysis | CS/PC/CC |
14 Positive, if the analysis is controlled for confounding or effect modification: individual factors | CS/PC/CC |
15 Positive, if the analysis is controlled for confounding or effect modification: other factors | CS/PC/CC |
16 Positive, if the number of cases in the final multivariate model was at least 10 times the number of independent variables in the analysis | CS/PC/CC |
Cross-sectional studies (CSs), case-control studies (CCs) and prospective cohort studies (PCs)