Table 3

Reviews of physical activity and self-esteem in young people

Author, date and years covered	Type of review; number of studies (K)	Sample for current analyses	Exposure Variables	Types of research design	Main findings	Comments
Ekeland et al18 1965–2002	Meta-analysis K=25	3–20 years	PA > 4 weeks	RCTs	8 trials available for meta-analysis. Exercise alone intervention versus a no-intervention control showed small-to-moderate effect in favour of the intervention group (SMD = 0.49).	25 trials found but only 8 subjected to meta-analysis.
Calfas and Taylor7 Up to 1982	Meta-analysis and systematic review K=20	11–21 years	PA: flexibility training; running; vigorous activity	Quasi-experimental and cross-sectional observation	3 trials available for meta-analysis. There was a significant positive relationship between PA and psychological outcomes - ie, increased self-esteem; effect size was 0.12.	Only 3 trials subjected to meta-analysis. Unclear distinction between self-esteem and self-concept as outcome variables.
Gruber19 Dates covered not stated	Meta-analysis K=27	<18 years	PA: aerobic; PE activities; perceptual motor; dance	Experimental and quasi-experimental	Exercise significantly associated with higher self-esteem among children (ES=0.41). Exercise had larger effects for children with a disability (ES=0.57) and for aerobic fitness activities (ES=0.89).	Report lacked detail on search strategies and methods.