Biomechanical outcomes
| Authors, year | RS (n) | Control (n) | Test | Measurement method | Results (mean±SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delahunt et al, 200655 | 24 | 22 | Gait on treadmill | Joint kinematics of hip, knee and ankle, EMG of rectus femoris, per long, tib ant, soleus | Ankle jt inversion at HS and 50 ms before and after RS: 2.1±4.28°, 1.69±4.7, −0.09±3.68 Control: −1.43±4.6, −1.43±4.75, −2.78±4.93, p<0.04 All other jt kinematics NS Foot clearance RS: 12.62±7.49 mm Control: 22.84±4.92, p=0.01 EMG 200 ms before HS: Rectus Fem. RS: 90±25.61 Control: 59.78±17.24, p<0.01 others NS EMG 200 ms after HS: Per long. RS: 109.91±38.65 Control: 64.53±25.32, p<0.01 All other values NS |
| Louwerens et al, 199527 | 18 bilateral | 10 | Gait on treadmill | EMG of tib ant and per long | Tib ant. RS ↑ activity in 1st and third quarters of stance phase, p=0.0005 Per long. NS |
| Kaikhana et al, 200556 | 25 | 25 | Gait | Frontal plane angles and moments of subtalar and knee joint, ground reaction forces, COP excursion | Vertical GRF RS: 7.34±0.06 N/kg Control: 7.87±0.08, p<0.001 All other values NS |
| Monaghan et al, 200657 | 25 | 25 | Gait | Joint kinematics and kinetics of hip, knee and ankle in the frontal, sagittal and transverse planes | Ankle position 100 ms pre-HS to 200 post-HS RS more inverted, p<0.01 Ankle vel. 5 ms pre to post-HS RS: 0.5 inversion rad/s Control: 0.1 evers, p<0.05 150–195 ms post-HS, p<0.05 Ankle moment 200 ms post-HS RS: evertor Control: invertor, p<0.01 Ankle power 10–40 ms and 60–135 ms RS: 0.02–0.06 W/kg concentric Control: 0.06–0.08 eccentric, p<0.03 All other values NS |
| Nyska et al, 200358 | 12 | 12 | Gait | Relative peak and timing of force | Timing as a percentage of stance for central foot, lateral foot and toes RS: 18.83±1.22%, 16.87±2.04, 17.03±0.38 Control: 17.88±1.68, 15.47±1.98, 16.56±0.42, p<0.01, 0.05, 0.05 Peak force for midfoot, lateral foot and toes RS: 0.207±0.089 N, 0.0269±0.068, 0.214±0.08 Control: 0.158±0.07, 0.224±0.065, 0.292±0.109, p<0.05, 0.05, 0.01 |
| Spaulding et al, 200359 | 10 | 10 | Gait on level, up ramp and during step up | Step length, gait temporal characteristics, ankle kinematics, GRF | Ankle angle at foot contact (p<0.005) and toe-off (p<0.045)RS gp less pF |
| Fu et al, 200768 | 19 | 20 | Self initiated and unexpected drops of 30 cm | Prelanding EMG for tib ant, medial gastrocnemius, tensor fascia lata, per long Normalised impact forces | Self initiated drop EMG latency (ms) RS slower response in tib ant and TFL p=0.001 and 0.015 Normalised peak force RS higher p<0.05 Unexpected drops NS |
| Caulfield et al, 200269 | 14 | 10 | Single leg jump from 40 cm height | Knee and ankle angular displacements and timing | Ankle more dF in RS gp from 10 ms preimpact to 20 ms post, p<0.05 Knee more flexed in RS gp form 20 ms preimpact through to 60 ms post, p<0.05 Timing NS |
| Caulfield et al, 200467 | 12 | 10 | Single leg jump from 40 cm height Single leg jump for distance | EMG of soleus, per long and tib ant 150 ms pre and postimpact | Jump down and long EMG Per long. Preimpact RS: 51.4±8.2, 38.9±6.1 Control: 69.7±6.6, 54.9±6.5, p<0.05 All other values NS |
| Caulfield et al, 200460 | 14 | 10 | Single leg jump from 40 cm height | Magnitude and timing of ground reaction forces in vertical, ML and AP planes | Postimpact timing lateral GRF RS: 39.8±16.8 ms Control: 53.0±9.0, p=0.007 Anterior GRF RS: 36.6±11.0 ms Control: 46.4±9.7, p=0.03 All other values NS |
| Delahunt et al, 200665 | 24 | 24 | Single leg jump from 35 cm height | Joint kinematics and kinetics for the hip, knee and ankle EMG of rectus femoris, per long, tib ant and soleus | EMG per. long. 200 ms preimpact to impact RS: 54.03±2.67 Control: 81.33±8.69, p<0.01 Ankle kinematics RS: ↑ inversion 200–95 ms preimpact, ↓ dF 90–200 ms postimpact, ↓ dF velocity 50–125 ms postimpact, p<0.05 Hip kinematics RS: ↓ external rotation 200–55 ms preimpact GRF RS: ↑ vertical 35–60 ms preimpact p<0.05 and reaching peak earlier p<0.01 ↑ medial GRF 85–105 ms postimpact, p<0.05 ↑ posterior GRF 75–90 ms postimpact, p<0.05 and reached peak earlier (85 ms vs 115 ms), p<0.01 Kinetics RS: ↓ eccentric sagital plane power production |
| Brown, et al, 200434 | 10 | 10 | Single leg vertical jump | Stabilisation time in AP and ML directions EMG of tib ant, peroneals, gastrocs and soleus 200 before and 1000 ms after jump | Time AP RS: 3.22±0.35 ms Control: 2.3±0.46, p=0.001 EMG soleus after jump RS: 81.77±19.002 Control: 99.05±17.57, p=0.05 All other values NS |
| Ross et al, 20046 | 14 | 14 | Single leg vertical jump | Stabilisation time in AP and ML directions | Time AP and ML RS: 3.27±0.72, 2.48±0.50 s Control: 2.33±0.33, 2.0±0.65, p=0.001, 0.04 |
| Ross et al, 200563 | 10 | 10 | Single leg vertical jump | Stabilisation time as whole, AP and ML directions | Time AP and ML RS: 1.72±0.58, 2.23±0.94 s Control: 1.35±0.3, 1.56±0.28 Whole time ↑ in RS, p=0.03 |
| Ross et al, 200661 | 30 | 30 | Single leg vertical jump | Stabilisation time in AP and ML directions | RS: Longer AP and ML stabilisation, p=0.01 |
| Ross et al, 200962 | 22 | 22 | Single leg vertical jump | Stabilisation time in AP and ML directions | Time AP and ML RS: 1.86±0.67, 2.09±0.8 s Control: 1.44±0.33, 1.7±0.38, p=0.011 and 0.04 |
| Wikstrom et al, 200933 | 24 | 24 | Single leg vertical jump | Stability index in AP, ML, vertical and combined directions | Stability index AP and combined RS: 0.119±0.011, 0.291±0.022 Control: 0.16±0.01, 0.028±0.023, p<0.05 All other values NS |
| Dayakidis et al, 200666 | 15 | 17 | V-cutting and side shuffle movements | Magnitude and timing of vertical and mediolateral GRFs normalised for body weight | V cut movement First vertical peak F RS: 3.58±1.14 %BW Control: 2.97±0.86, p<0.043 Timing of 1st vertical peak RS: 0.019±0.006 s Control: 0.027±0.009, p<0.025 All other values NS |
| Delahunt et al, 200770 | 26 | 24 | Lateral hop | Hip, knee and ankle joint displacement and velocities in all three planes GRFs EMG of rectus femoris, per long, tib ant and soleus | Joint kinematics RS ↓ ankle eversion 45 ms pre to 95 postcontact, p<0.05 Post. GRF RS: 3.5±3 %BW Control: 6.6±3, p=0.04 EMG pre- and postcontact Rectus femoris RS: 52±26, 97±39 Control: 37±15, 70±27 Tib ant. RS: 203±101, 291±127 Control: 173±72, 206±69 Soleus RS: 49±16, 104±23 Control: 36±12, 83±16, p<0.05 All other values NS |
| Soderberg et al, 199171 | 14 | 14 | Single leg circular motions on wobble board | EMG of tib ant, per long, gastrocs | NS |
Raw data presented are either those used in the meta-analysis or the differences between groups which were statistically significant.
AP, anteroposterior; COP, centre of pressure anterior; dF, dorsiflexion; GRF, ground reaction force; HS, heel strike; jt, joint; ML, mediolateral; NS, not significant; per long, peroneus longus; pF, plantarflexion; RS, recurrent sprain group; tib ant, tibialis anterior.