Comparison of uncommon electrocardiographic characteristics between West-Asian, black and Caucasian male athletes
| West-Asian (n=800) | Black (n=300) | Caucasian (n=120) | West-Asian controls (n=135) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RA enlargement | 12 (1.5%) | 14 (4.7%)* | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
| LA enlargement | 9 (1.1%) | 6 (2%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| RAD | 9 (1.1%) | 5 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) |
| LAD | 6 (0.8%) | 2 (0.7%) | 3 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| ST segment depression | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Q waves | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.2%) |
| CRBBB | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| ILBBB | 3 (0.4%) | 3 (1.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Anterior T-wave inversion | 23 (2.9%) | 29 (9.8%)* | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Lateral T-wave inversion | 13 (1.6%) | 18 (6.1%)* | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| RVH | 8 (1.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
↵* Black athletes vs West-Asian and Caucasian athletes; p<0.05, Values are expressed as frequency and (%).
CRBBB, complete right bundle branch block; HR, heart rate; ILBBB, incomplete left bundle branch block; LA, left atrial; LAD, left axis deviation; RA, right atrial; RAD, right axis deviation; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy.