Adaptations to training
| Structural | Functional | |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | ↑ Enlarged LV cavity size | ↑ Cardiac contractility |
| ↑ Enlarged LV wall thickness | ↑ Stroke volume; ↑ Cardiac output | |
| ↑ Heart mass | ↑ Diastolic function | |
| ↑ Left ventricular compliance | ↓ Total peripheral resistance | |
| ↑ Left atrial dimensions | ↑ Venous return | |
| ? Pericardial remodelling | ↓ Pericardial constraint | |
| Haematological | ↑ Red cell mass | ↑ Total blood volume |
| ↑ Plasma volume | ↑ O2-carrying capacity | |
| Muscle | ↑ Mitochondrial density | ↑ Rate of energy production |
| ↑ Capillary/fibre ratio | ↑ Rate of force production | |
| ↑ Type 1 fibres | ||
| ↑ Mitochondrial oxidative enzymes | ||
| ↑ Neural recruitment | ||
| Respiratory | None | ↑ Respiratory muscle endurance |
| ↑ Respiratory muscle strength | ||
| ↑ Ve/VO2 |
LV, left ventricular.