Table 2

Contributing factors for cervical spine injury in rugby

Study	Country	Period	Position	Age	Phase of play	Neuro damage	Injury type	Mechanism of injury	Spinal level
McLean et al15	UK	1996–2010	Not reported	16.5	Tackle	Scrum A (n=8)	Dislocation	Not reported	C5/6
Bohu et al9	France	1996–2006	Forwards/hooker	25.1	Scrum 1996–2000; tackle 2001–2006	Unclear	Dislocation	Hyperflexion	C3–C7
Shelly et al5	Ireland	1995–2004	Backs/fullback	21.6	Tackle	Tackle A (n=4)	Not reported	Hyperflexion	C5/6
Silver13	England	1983 1987	Forwards	13–43	Scrum	Unclear	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Silver6	England	1952–1982	Forwards	Not reported	Tackle	Unclear	Dislocation	Hyperflexion	C5/6
Williams and McKibbin10	Wales	1974–1978	Forwards/prop	20.8	Split	Tackle A (n=2); scrum A (n=2)	Dislocation	Hyperflexion	C5/6
Williams and McKibbin30	Wales	1964–1984	Forwards/prop	22.0	Scrum	Scrum severe injury (n=9)	Dislocation/subluxation	Hyperflexion	C5/6
Dunn and van der Spruy16	South Africa	2003 2008	Forwards and backs/prop and scrumhalf	25.3	Tackle	Unclear A (n=8)	Dislocation	Not reported	Not reported
Hermanus et al17	South Africa	1980–2007	Forwards/hooker	21.0	Tackle	Unclear A/B (n=146)	Dislocation	Not reported	C4/5
Carmody, et al18	Australia	1997–2002	Forwards	24.4	Tackle	Scrum A (n=3)	Dislocation, fracture dislocation, fracture	Not reported	C4/5, C5/6
Spinecare Foundation31	Australia	1986–1996	Forwards/hooker	24.5	Rucks and mauls	No relationship	Dislocation	Not reported	C4/5, C5/6
Armour, et al3	New Zealand	1976–1995	Forwards/hooker	22.9	Scrum	Unclear	Not reported	Hyperflexion	C5/6
Palairet and Xiong32	New Zealand	1996–2000	Forwards	Not reported	Tackle	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	C4/5, C5/6
Secin et al4	Argentina	1977–1997	Forwards/hooker	22.0	Scrum	Scrum A (n=10)	Dislocation/fractures	Hyperflexion	C5/6