Alphabetical list of common shoulder physical examination (ShPE) tests
| Test name(s) | Pathology | Lead Author | Sensitivity | Specificity | Risk of Bias* from QUADAS 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC Resisted Extension | AC Joint OA | Jia39 | 72 | 85 | High |
| Active Compression/O'Brien | SLAP SLAP SLAP Type II SLAP SLAP Labral Tear Labral Tear SLAP Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy AC Joint OA Labral Tear | Cook50 Schlecter45 Ebinger49 Oh55 Jia39 Kibler35 Fowler37 Fowler37 Kibler35 Jia39 Jia39 Walsworth44 | 91 59 94 63 53 61 63 64 38 68 41 55 | 14 92 28 53 58 84 40 43 61 46 95 18 | Moderate Low Low Low High Low High High Low High High Low |
| Adduction Stress | AC joint OA | Goyal38 | 57 | 96 | High |
| Anterior Slide | Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Labral Tear SLAP Type II SLAP Labral Tear | Kibler35 Jia39 Kibler35 Schlecter45 Oh55 Walsworth44 | 24 50 48 21 21 43 | 62 81 82 98 70 82 | Low High Low Low Low Low |
| Apprehension- Anterior | Type II SLAP SLAP SLAP Glenohumeral Instability Anterior Instability | Oh55 Fowler37 Fowler37 Jia39 Jia39 | 62 29 29 58 72 | 42 70 70 96 96 | Low High High High High |
| Apprehension- Posterior | Posterior Instability | Jia39 | 19 | 99 | High |
| Bear Hug | Biceps Tendinopathy Labral Tear | Kibler35 Kibler35 | 79 37 | 60 32 | Low Low |
| Belly-off | Subscapularis Tendinopathy | Bartsch34 | 86 | 91 | Low |
| Belly Press | Biceps Tendinopathy Labral Tear | Kibler35 Kibler35 | 31 15 | 85 75 | Low Low |
| Belly Press (modified) | Subscapularis Tendinopathy | Bartsch34 | 80 | 88 | Low |
| Belly Press (resisted) | Subscapularis Tendinopathy | Goyal38 | 75 | 97 | High |
| Biceps Load II | SLAP Type II SLAP | Cook50 Oh55 | 55 30 | 53 78 | Moderate Low |
| Bony Apprehension | Bony Instability | Bushnell29 | 94 | 84 | Low |
| Compression-Rotation | Type II SLAP | Oh55 | 61 | 54 | Low |
| Crank | Labral Tear | Walsworth44 | 61 | 55 | Low |
| Cross-body | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy RC Tendinopathy AC Joint OA | Chew32 Jia39 Jia39 | 75 22 77 | 61 75 79 | Low High High |
| Drop-arm | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy FTT- Supraspinatus RC Tendinopathy | Chew32
Bak33 Jia39 | 24 41 74 | 93 83 66 | Low High High |
| Drop Sign | FTT- Supraspinatus FTT- Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus | Bak33 Miller25 | 45 73 | 70 77 | High Moderate |
| Dynamic Labral Shear | SLAP | Cook50 | 89 | 30 | Moderate |
| Dynamic Labral Shear- Modified | Labral Tear Biceps Tendinopathy | Kibler35 Kibler35 | 72 18 | 98 53 | Low Low |
| Empty Can (pain) | Torn Supraspinatus Subacromial impingement RC Tear | Itoi54 Kelly40 Kim E52 | 78 52 94 | 40 33 46 | Moderate Low Moderate |
| Empty Can (weak) | Torn Supraspinatus Subacromial impingement RC Tear Subacromial impingement | Itoi54 Kelly40 Kim E52 Michener24 | 87 52 76 50 | 43 67 71 87 | Moderate Low Moderate Low |
| Empty Can (pain or weak) | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy RC Tear FTT- Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Tear Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Supraspinatus Tendinopathy | Chew32 Kim E52 Bak33 Naredo53 Kim HA42 Kim HA41 Fodor27 Salaffi43 Naredo53 Goyal48 | 83 99 76 19 72 31 50 56 79 90 | 49 43 39 100 45 52 83 51 50 37 | Low Moderate High Moderate High Low Moderate Moderate Moderate High |
| Empty Can (pain and weak) | Subacromial impingement RC Tear | Silva31 Kim E52 | 74 71 | 30 74 | Low Moderate |
| Full Can (pain) | Torn Supraspinatus RC Tear Subacromial impingement | Itoi54 Kim E52 Kelly40 | 80 71 35 | 50 32 25 | Moderate Moderate Low |
| Full Can (weak) | Torn Supraspinatus RC Tear Subacromial impingement | Itoi54 Kim E52 Kelly40 | 83 77 45 | 53 32 75 | Moderate Moderate Low |
| Full Can (pain or weak) | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy RC Tear | Chew32 Kim E52 | 75 90 | 68 54 | Low Moderate |
| Full Can (pain and weak) | RC Tear | Kim E52 | 59 | 82 | Moderate |
| External Rotation Lag Sign | Massive RC Tear FTT- Supraspinatus FTT- Supraspinatus FTT- Infraspinatus FTT- Teres Minor RC Tendinopathy FTT- Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus | Jia39 Bak33 Castoldi30 Castoldi30 Castoldi30 Jia39 Miller25 | 35 45 56 97 100 7 46 | 89 91 98 93 93 84 94 | High High Low Low Low High Moderate |
| Hawkins-Kennedy | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy FTT- Supraspinatus Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement RC Tendinopathy AC Joint OA Biceps Tendinopathy | Chew32 Bak33 Kelly40 Michener24 Silva31 Fodor27 Salaffi43 Fowler37 Jia39 Jia39 | 87 77 74 63 74 72 64 58 47 55 | 32 26 50 62 40 89 71 72 45 38 | Low High Low Low Low Moderate Moderate High High High |
| Internal Rotation Lag Sign | Subscapularis Tendinopathy FTT- Supraspinatus Subscapularis Tear | Bartsch34 Bak33 Miller25 | 71 31 100 | 60 87 84 | Low High Moderate |
| Labral Tension | SLAP | Cook50 | 28 | 76 | Moderate |
| Lateral Jobe | RC Tear | Gillooly46 | 81 | 89 | Low |
| Lift-off | Partial Biceps Tear Biceps Tendinopathy Subscapularis Tendinopathy Subscapularis Tendinopathy Subscapularis Tendinopathy Subscapularis Tendinopathy Subscapularis Tendinopathy Subacromial impingement RC Tendinopathy Glenohumeral OA RC Tendinopathy | Gill51 Jia39 Bartsch34 Naredo53 Kim HA42 Kim HA41 Salaffi43 Silva31 Fowler37 Jia39 Jia39 | 28 28 40 50 69 6 35 68 19 29 10 | 89 89 79 84 48 23 75 50 90 90 79 | Low High Low Moderate High Low Moderate Low High High High |
| Neer | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy FTT- Supraspinatus Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement AC Joint OA Biceps Tendinopathy | Chew32 Bak33 Kelly40 Michener24 Silva31 Fodor27 Jia39 Jia39 | 64 60 62 81 68 54 57 64 | 61 35 10 54 30 95 41 41 | Low High Low Low Low Moderate High High |
| Olecranon Manubrium Percussion | Bony Abnormality | Adams47 | 84 | 99 | Low |
| Painful Arc | Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement FTT- Supraspinatus | Chew32 Kelly40 Michener24 Fodor27 Bak33 | 71 49 75 67 96 | 81 33 67 80 4 | Low Low Low Moderate High |
| Palpation- biceps | Biceps Tendinopathy Partial Tear- Biceps Type II SLAP | Chen Gill51 Oh55 | 57 53 27 | 74 54 66 | Low Low Low |
| Palpation-coracoid | Adhesive Capsulitis | Carbone48 | 96 | 87 | High |
| Passive-Abduction (pain) | Subacromial impingement | Silva31 | 74 | 10 | Low |
| Passive Compression | SLAP | Kim YS26 | 82 | 86 | Low |
| Passive Distraction | SLAP | Schlecter45 | 53 | 94 | Low |
| Patte | Subacromial impingement Infraspinatus Tendinopathy Infraspinatus Tendinopathy Infraspinatus Tendinopathy Infraspinatus Tear | Silva31 Kim HA42 Salaffi43 Naredo53 Naredo53 | 58 63 62 71 36 | 60 73 74 90 95 | Low High Moderate Moderate Moderate |
| Relocation | Type II SLAP Bankart lesion Hill-Sachs Lesion | Oh55 Fowler37 Fowler37 | 44 79 81 | 54 87 81 | Low High High |
| Resisted- Abduction (pain) | Subacromial impingement | Kelly40 | 55 | 75 | Low |
| Resisted-Abduction (weak) | Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement | Kelly40 Silva31 | 38 58 | 50 20 | Low Low |
| Resisted-External Rotation/Infraspinatus test (pain) | Subacromial impingement Torn Infraspinatus Infraspinatus Tendinopathy Subacromial impingement | Kelly40 Itoi54 Goyal38 Michener24 | 33 46 50 56 | 90 54 100 87 | Low Moderate High Low |
| Resisted-ER/Infraspinatus test (weak) | Subacromial impingement Torn Infraspinatus | Kelly40 Itoi54 | 55 84 | 25 53 | Low Moderate |
| Resisted-Lift-off (pain) | Torn Subscapularis | Itoi54 | 46 | 69 | Moderate |
| Resisted-Lift-off (weak) | Torn Subscapularis | Itoi54 | 79 | 59 | Moderate |
| Shoulder Shrug | Glenohumeral OA Adhesive Capsulitis RC Tendinopathy Massive RC Tear | Jia28 Jia28 Jia39 Jia28 | 91 95 96 75 | 57 50 53 50 | Low Low Low Low |
| Speed | SLAP Type II SLAP Labral Tear SLAP Biceps Tendinopathy Partial Tear- Biceps Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy | Cook50 Oh55 Kibler35 Ebinger49 Chen36 Gill51 Kibler35 Jia39 Goyal38 Salaffi43 | 28 32 29 60 63 50 54 50 71 49 | 76 66 69 38 60 67 81 67 85 76 | Moderate Low Low Low Low Low Low High High Moderate |
| Supine Flexion Resistance | SLAP | Ebinger49 | 80 | 69 | Low |
| Upper Cut | Biceps Tendinopathy Labral Tear | Kibler35 Kibler35 | 73 22 | 78 56 | Low Low |
| Yergason | Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Biceps Tendinopathy Labral Tear Type II SLAP | Chen36 Kibler35 Kim HA42 Kim HA41 Kibler35 Oh55 | 32 41 14 75 26 12 | 78 79 89 81 70 87 | Low Low High Low Low Low |
| Yocum | Subacromial impingement Subacromial impingement | Silva31 Fodor27 | 79 70 | 40 92 | Low Moderate |
| Whipple | Type II SLAP RC Tendinopathy Massive RC Tear | Oh55 Jia39 Jia39 | 65 80 100 | 42 33 26 | Low High High |
↵* Bias: High= score of high risk of bias in 3 or 4 of total 4 categories; Moderate = score of high risk of bias in 2 of total 4 categories; Low = score of high risk of bias in 0 or 1 of total 4 categories. The 4 categories are: 1. Patient selection 2. Index test 3. Reference standard 4. Flow and timing.
AC, acromioclavicular; ER, external rotation; OA, osteoarthritis; RC, rotator cuff; SLAP, superior labrum anterior to posterior.