Significant different variables between both groups in the individual studies
| Author | Variables | MD (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Static measures | ||
| Foot and ankle characteristics | ||
| Barton et al20 | Longitudinal arch angle (LAA) (°) Relaxed stance | −6.80 (−11.57 to −2.03) |
| Foot posture index (°) Relaxed stance | 2.40 (0.19 to 4.61) | |
| Normalised vertical navicular height (%foot length) Relaxed stance | −2.00 (−3.93 to −0.07) | |
| Normalised navicular drop (% foot length) Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral | 1.60 (0.57 to 2.63) | |
| Normalised dorsal arch height difference (% foot length) Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral | 0.70 (0.25 to 1.15) | |
| Normalised navicular drift (% foot length) Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral | 1.60 (0.49 to 2.71) | |
| LAA difference (°) Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral | 3.00 (0.86 to 5.14) | |
| CA difference (°) Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral | 2.60 (0.45 to 4.75) | |
| Patella | ||
| Joensen et al37 | Articular cartilage lesions | OR:7.9 (1.9 to 33) |
| Keser et al38 | Lateral trochlear inclination) | −4.20 (−6.04 to −2.36) |
| Trochlear dysplasia (n) | OR: 7.12 (1.60 to 31.70)* | |
| Näslund et al45 | Pulsatile blood flow in the patella | p<0.0002 |
| Salsich et al52 | Contact area of total patellofemoral joint (mm2) | −28.70 (−54.59 to −2.81) |
| Biscet offset index (patellar width) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.13) | |
| Patellar width (mm) | −2.90 (−4.85 to −0.95) | |
| Haim et al65 | Positive active instability test (patellar tracking) (number and %) | p Value: 0.004 |
| Patellofemoral joint crepitations (n and %) | OR: 27.5 (5.85 to 128,9) | |
| Medial retinacular sensitivity (n and %) | OR: 21.90 (4.70 to 102,0) | |
| Lateral retinacular sensitivity (n and %) | OR: 88.7 (17.1 to 459.9) | |
| Patellar glide as percentage of patellar width (%) | −8.00 (−14.6 to −1.40) | |
| Aglietti et al60 | Patellar height ratio Insall-Salvati method | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) |
| Draper et al64 | Differences in bisect offset between knee flexion angles 0° and 50° (%) | p Value: 0.03 |
| Lower extremity angles | ||
| Muneta et al44 | Tibial tubercle rotation angle (°) | −2.50 (−4.56 to −0.44) |
| Patil et al48 | External hip rotation (°) | p<0.001 |
| Internal hip rotation (°) | p=0.01 | |
| Thomee et al54 | Knee hyperextension angle (°) | 2.40 (1.25 to 3.55) |
| Characteristics of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) | ||
| Jan et al35 | Insertion level of vastus medials obliquus (cm) | −0.40 (−0.63 to −0.17) |
| Fibre angle of the VMO (°) | −5.40 (−8.08 to −2.12) | |
| Volume of VMO (cm3) | −1.20 (−1.92 to −0.48) | |
| Kinetic measures | ||
| Foot and ankle characterisitics | ||
| Aliberti et al24 | Contact area Medial Rearfoot (cm2) | 1.80 (0.03 to 3.57) |
| Contact area Midfoot (cm2) | 3.60 (1.05 to 6.15) | |
| Peak pressure medial rearfoot (kPa) | −10.0 (−19.27 to −0.73) | |
| Peak pressure central rearfoot (kPa) | −20.0 (−24.7 to −15.28) | |
| Peak pressure lateral rearfoot (kPa) | −20.0 (−29.44 to −10.56) | |
| Peak pressure midfoot (kPa) | −10.0 (−15.79 to −4.21) | |
| Peak pressure medial forefoot (kPa) | −45.0 (−56.57 to −33.43) | |
| Peak pressure lateral forefoot (kPa) | −20.0 (−28.11 to −11.89) | |
| Duffey et al58 | Calcaneus-tibia touchdown angle (°) | 2.80 (0.46 to 5.14) |
| Pronation through first 10% of stance (°) | −1.30 (−2.27 to −0.33) | |
| Initial pronation velocity (° s−1) | −70.0 (−120.13 to −19.87) | |
| Maximum pronation velocity (° s−1) | −79.0 (−130.25 to −27.75) | |
| Ground reaction force | ||
| Duffey et al58 | Maximum lateral force (body weight, BW) during running | −0.09 (−0.11 to −0.07) |
| Dierks et al31 | Knee internal rotation excursion (°) during single leg jump | −2.70 (−4.99 to −0.41) |
| Hip internal rotation velocity (°/s) | −71.50 (−135.73 to −7.27) | |
| Peak stance-phase knee flexion during stair descent | 5.5 (1.7 to 9.4)* | |
| Peak moments | ||
| Besier et al26 | Knee flexion-extension moment during running (Nm/kg) | −0.38 (−0.64 to −0.12) |
| Peak torques | ||
| Duffey et al58 | Extension peak torque at 60° (Nm) | −21.40 (−34.49 to −8.31) |
| Extension peak torque at 240°(Nm) | −8.80 (−17.51 to −0.09) | |
| Flexion peak torque 60° (Nm) | −9.40 (−16.04 to −2.76) | |
| Flexion peak torque at 240° (Nm) | −9.40 (−16.03 to −2.77) | |
| Extension peak torque at 60°/BW (%) | −9.70 (−14.41 to −4.99) | |
| Flexion peak torque 60°/BW (%) | −4.40 (−7.46 to −1.34) | |
| Flexion peak torque at 240°/BW (%) | −4.10 (−6.79 to −1.41) | |
| Flexion/extension peak torque ratio at 240° (%) | −4.70 (−9.32 to −0.08) | |
| Werner56 | 60°/s peak torque during knee extension (Nm) | −56.50 (−81.07 to −31.93) |
| Peak torque 60°/s concentric during knee extension (Nm) | −52.90 (−73.56 to −32.24) | |
| Peak torque 60°/s eccentric during knee extension (Nm) | −72.80 (−99.87 to −45.73) | |
| Peak torque 180°/s concentric during knee extension (Nm) | −39.00 (−56.00 to −22.00) | |
| Peak torque 180°/s eccentric during knee extension (Nm) | −72.70 (−101.20 to −44.20) | |
| Souza and Powers70 | Peak torque hip extension during isometric strength testing (Nm/kg) | −0.37 (−0.65 to −0.09) |
| Peak torque hip abduction during isometric strength testing (Nm/kg) | −0.23 (−0.45 to −0.01) | |
| Callaghan and Oldham63 | Peak torque knee extension at 90°/s at full knee extension(Nm) | −31.10(−55.57 to 6.63) |
| Kinematic measures | ||
| Lower extremity angles | ||
| Crossley et al30 | Knee flexion at heel-strike during stair ascent (°) | 6.8 (0.8 to 12.9)* |
| Knee flexion at heel-strike during stair descent (°) | 2.5 (0.2 to 4.9)* | |
| Dierks et al31 | Hip adduction peak angle (°) | −3.10 (−6.04 to −0.16) |
| McClinton, 201040 | Knee flexion (°) | p Value: 0.038 |
| Willson et al57 | Knee internal rotation plane angle (°) during single leg jump | −5.47; −10.46 to −0.48 |
| Hip adduction plane angle (°) during single leg squat | 3.75; 0.69 to 6.81 | |
| Hip adduction plane angle (°) during running | 2.86; 0.25 to 5.48 | |
| Hip adduction plane angle (°) during single leg jump | 3.66; 0.20 to 7.12 | |
| Hip internal rotation angle (°) during single leg squat | −4.17; −6.90 to −1.43 | |
| Hip internal rotation angle (°) during single leg jump | −4.67; −8.36 to −0.98 | |
| Frontal plane pelvis angle at peak knee extension moment during single leg jump(°) | −2.30; −4.30 to −0.30 | |
| Hip abduction at peak knee extension moment during single-leg jump (°) | 3.70; 0.21 to 7.19 | |
| Hip Internal rotation at peak knee extension moment during single-leg jump(°) | −4.68; −8.36 to −1.00 | |
| Souza and Powers70 | Peak hip adduction angle (°) during running | 0.20; −2.53 to 2.93 |
| Peak hip adduction (°) during drop jump | 2.20; −1.18 to 5.58 | |
| Peak hip adduction (°) during step-down | 2.90; −0.58 to 6.38 | |
| Velocity | ||
| Dierks et al31 | Hip adduction velocity (°/s) | −70.50 (−121.41 to −19.59) |
| Hip internal rotation velocity (°/s) | −71.50 (−135.73 to −7.27) | |
| Anderson and Herrington62 | Break in Torque on eccentric quadriceps contraction 30°/s (%) | OR: 5.67 (1.25 to 25.6) |
| Perturbations in isokinetic torque curves (%) | OR: 2.25 (0.36 to 14.0) | |
| Break in knee angular velocity curves during stair descent (%) | OR: 8.50 (1.86 to 38.8) | |
| Excursion | ||
| Willson et al57 | Hip internal rotation excursion (°) during single leg squat | −3.24 (−5.43 to −1.05) |
| Knee internal rotation excursion (°) during single leg jump | −2.67 (−5.29 to −0.05) | |
| Peak stance-phase | ||
| Crossley et al30 | Peak stance-phase knee flexion during stair ascent (°) | 6.0 (0.6 to 11.4)* |
| Muscle function measures | ||
| Muscle flexibility | ||
| Patil et al48 | Popliteal angle (°) (hamstring tightness) | p=0.04 |
| Piva et al49 | Quadriceps length (°) | −11.4 (−17.06 to −5.74) |
| Hamstring length (°) | −9.50 (−15.19 to −3.81) | |
| Gastrocnemius length (°) | −10.20 (−13.10 to −7.30) | |
| Soleus length (°) | −6.90 (−9.38 to −4.42) | |
| Muscle strength | ||
| Besier et al26 | Normalised peak forces in vastus lateralis during walking | p Value: 0.032 |
| Normalised peak force in vastus intermedius during walking | p Value: 0.044 | |
| Peak semitendinosus force during walking | p Value: 0.044 | |
| Peak force in the medial gastrocnemius during walking | p Value: <0.001 | |
| Peak medial gastrocnemius force during running | p Value: <0.002 | |
| Dierks et al73 | Hip abduction strength (kg cm/bw) | −2.00 (−3.54 to −0.46) |
| Magalhaes et al42 | Strength of hip abductors ((kg strength/kg body weight) ×100) | −2.90 (−4.91 to −0.89) |
| Strength of hip adductors ((kg strength/kg body weight) ×100) | −1.00 (−3.70 to 1.70) | |
| Strength of hip extensors ((kg strength/kg body weight) ×100) | −2.70 (−7.34 to 1.94) | |
| Strength of hip flexors ((kg strength/kg body weight) ×100) | −3.10 (−5.98 to −0.02) | |
| Willson et al57 | Isometric strength of lateral trunk flexion (%BW) | −6.50 (−11.98 to −1.02) |
| Isometric strength of hip external rotation (%BW) | −1.63 (−3.21 to −0.05) | |
| Morrish and Woledge67 | Force developed of quadriceps during knee extension (N) | −50.50 (−80.82 to −20.18) |
| Muscle endurance | ||
| Duffey et al58 | Extension total work at 240° (Nm) | −238.8 (−459.37 to −18.23) |
| Flexion total work at 240° (Nm) | −284.0 (−521.68 to −46.32) | |
| Extension work first 6 reps at 240° (Nm) | −69.60 (−123.58 to −15.62) | |
| Flexion work first 6 reps at 240° (Nm) | −80.10 (−138.88 to −21.32) | |
| Extension work last 6 reps at 240° (Nm) | −50.90 (−85.01 to −16.79) | |
| Flexion work last 6 reps at 240° (Nm) | −40.10 (−79.49 to −0.71) | |
| Extension average power at 240° (W) | −22.20 (−48.65 to 4.25) | |
| Flexion average power at 240° (W) | −22.90 (−40.35 to −5.45) | |
| Muscle timing | ||
| Cowan et al29 | Onset of vastus lateralis (VL)/VMO during concentric task (%) | OR: 5.33 (1.86 to 15.30) |
| Onset of VL before onset of VMO during eccentric task (%) | OR: 11.61 (3.66 to 36.78) | |
| Onset of VL/VMO during concentric task (ms) | −15.65 (−27.48 to −3.82) | |
| Onset of VL/VMO during eccentric task (ms) | −22.18 (−35.37 to −8.99) | |
| Cowan et al59 | VL-VMO timing difference during lifting toes and contracting tibialis anterior muscle (rock task) (ms) | −31.95 (−47.95 to −15.95) |
| VL-VMO timing difference during rising toes by contracting triceps surea muscle (rise task) (ms) | −14.68 (−25.51 to −3.85) | |
| Onset VMO-onset tibialis anterior during rock task | 31.60 (9.35 to 53.85) | |
| Onset VL-onset soleus during rise task | −63.20 (−90.31 to −36.09) | |
| McClinton et al43 | Activation duration ratio VMO/VL | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.25) |
| Owings and Grabiner68 | Normalised activation level of VMO | 0.55(0.22 to 0.88) |
| Normalised activation level of VL | 0.74 (0.28 to 1.20) | |
| Powers et al51 | Onset of vastus medialis longus (VML) during fast walking (% of gait cycle) | 5.00 (1.26 to 8.74) |
| Onset of vastus intermedius (VI) during fast walking (% of gait cycle) | 5.80 (1.08 to 10.52) | |
| Cessation of VMO during stair descent (% gait cycle) | 2.20 (0.20 to 4.20) | |
| Cessation of VML during stair descent (% gait cycle) | 5.70 (1.37 to 10.03) | |
| Cessation of VI during stair descent (% gait cycle) | 6.40 (3.10 to 9.70) | |
| Onset of VMO during ramp ascent (% of gait cycle) | 4.60 (1.37 to 7.83) | |
| Onset of VMO during stair ascent (% of gait cycle) | 3.60 (0.08 to 7.12) | |
| Onset of VMO during ramp descent (% of gait cycle) | 4.30 (0.43 to 8.17) | |
| Onset of VL during ramp descent (% of gait cycle) | 3.60 (0.46 to 6.74) | |
| Onset of VML during ramp descent (% of gait cycle) | 5.00 (0.90 to 9.10) | |
| Onset of VI during ramp descent (% of gait cycle) | 5.70 (1.96 to 9.44) | |
| Intensity of electromyographic (EMG) activity of VMO during free-speed walking (% maximal muscle test) | −5.20 (−9.94 to −0.46) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VMO during fast walking (% maximal muscle test) | −6.70 (−12.60 to −0.80) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VL during stair descent (% maximal muscle test) | −7.20 (−11.96 to −2.44) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VMO during ramp ascent (% maximal muscle test) | −5.40 (−9.66 to −1.14) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VL during ramp ascent (% maximal muscle test) | −5.50 (−9.80 to −1.20) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VMO during ramp descent (% maximal muscle test) | −4.90 (−9.68 to −0.12) | |
| Intensity of EMG activity of VL during ramp descent (% maximal muscle test) | −5.00 (−8.49 to −1.51) | |
| Vastus muscles intensity during free speed walking (%MIMT) | −5.60 (−10.91 to −0.29) | |
| Vastus muscles intensity during fast walking(%MIMT) | −8.10 (−14.86 to −1.34) | |
| Vastus muscles intensity during ramp ascent(%MIMT) | −5.80 (−10.40 to −1.20) | |
| Vastus muscles intensity during ramp (%MIMT) descent | −4.60 (−8.83 to −0.37) | |
| Patil et al48 | Lateral hamstring-medial hamstring onset timing difference (ms) | −53.80 (−105.66 to −1.94) |
| Morrish and Woledge67 | VMO lag factor | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.44) |
| VLO lag factor | 0.29 (0.02 to 0.55) | |
| rectus femoris lag factor | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.31) | |
| Time for 80% tension development for quadriceps (ms) | 100.0 (0.05 to 199.95) | |
| Besier et al26 | Co-contracting of quadriceps and hamstrings at heel strike during walking | p Value: 0.025 |
| Souza and Powers70 | Average gluteus maximus EMG signal during step-down (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC)) | 5.90; 1.39 to 10.4 |
| Average gluteus maximus EMG signal during running (%MVIC) | 21.0; 6.22 to 35.8 | |
| Other measures | ||
| Joint position sense | ||
| Baker et al25 | Non-weight-bearing joint position sense at 60° knee flexion (°) | 1.20 (0.12 to 2.28) |
| Joint mobility | ||
| Al-Rawi et al61 | Hyper mobile joints (%) | OR: 4.27 (3.39 to 7.61) |
| Normal mobile joints (%) | OR: 0.23 (0.13 to 0.42) | |
| Psychological factors | ||
| Jensen et al36 | Coop-Wonca chart | 0.82 (0.45 to 1.19) |
| Hopkins symptoms checklist-25 | 0.38 (0.17 to 0.59) | |
| Neurologic factors | ||
| Jensen et al66 | Detection threshold of warmth (°C) | p Value: <0.05 |
| Detection threshold of cold (°C) | p Value: <0.05 | |
| Tactile perception threshold (g/mm2) | p Value: <0.05 | |
| Extrinsic factors | ||
| Dorotka et al32 | Duration of sport participation (months) | −16.40 (−30.58 to −2.22) |
| Sports activity before military training (%) | OR:2.28 (1.36 to 3.83) | |
| In basis training from the military training (%) | OR: 2.00 (1.20 to 3.32) | |
| Previous injury to the knee (%) | OR:6.84 (3.01 to 15.3) | |
| Duffey et al58 | Shoe mileage (miles) | −157.0 (−267.06 to −46.94) |
| Jensen et al36 | Triple jump test (cm) | 55.0 (29.39 to 80.61) |
| Piva et al49 | Activities of daily living scale score | −35.30 (−42.03 to −28.57) |
| Thomee et al54 | Total competitive sports activities (times/week) | p<0.0001 |
*MD (95% CI) were calculated by Crossley et al as: mean controls−mean cases.
All other MD (95% CI) were calculated as: mean cases−mean controls.
CA, calcaneal angle; MIMT, percentage of maximal isometric muscle test; MVIC, maximum voluntary isometric contraction.