Table 4

Comparison of linear and angular head acceleration maxima in concussive and non-injury head impacts in American football

Study	Mean peak resultant linear head acceleration (g)		Mean peak resultant angular head acceleration (rad/s²)		Number of cases		Sport	Level	Method	No. participants (if cohort study)
Study	No injury	Concussion	No injury	Concussion	No injury	Concussion	Sport	Level	Method	No. participants (if cohort study)
Brolinson et al (2006)14	20.1	103.3	NM/NR	NM/NR	11601	3	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets
Crisco et al (2011)15	20.5	Nil	1400	Nil	286636	0	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets	314 Players, 3 seasons
Duma et al (2005)16	32	81	NM/NR	NM/NR	3311	1	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets
Funk et al (2012)17	Range 10–250	145	NM/NR	NM/NR	37124	4	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets	98 Players in total over a total of 5 seasons
Guskiewicz et al (2007)18	–	102.8	–	5312	0	13	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets
Mihalik et al (2007)19	22.25	NM/NR	NM/NR	NM/NR	57024	NM/NR	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets	72 In total over a total of 2 seasons
Rowson et al (2009)20	median=17.5	Nil	median=1017	Nil	1712	0	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets	10 Players, 1 season
Rowson et al (2012)21	–	103	1230	5022	300977	57	American football	Collegiate	Instrumented helmets
Breedlove et al (2012)22	27.5 (COI−/FOI−)	28.5 (COI+/FOI+), 27.7 (COI−/FOI+)	NM/NR	NM/NR	1463 (COI−/FOI−)	1551 (COI+/FOI+), 1855 (COI−/FOI+)	American football	High school	Instrumented helmets	21 season 1, 25 Season 2
Broglio et al (2009)23	25	Nil	1468.6 to 1669.8	Nil	19224	0	American football	High school	Instrumented helmets	35
Broglio et al (2010)24	25.1	105	1627	7229.5	54247	13	American football	High school	Instrumented helmets	78
Broglio et al (2011)25 and Broglio et al. (2011b)26	24 to 27	93.6	1500–1790	1753.9	101974	20	American football	High school	Instrumented helmets	95 over 4 seasons
Naunheim et al (2000)27	29.2	NM/NR	NM/NR	NM/NR	132	0	American football	High school	Instrumented helmets
	35	NM/NR	NM/NR	NM/NR	128	0	Hockey	High school	Instrumented helmets
	54.7	NM/NR	NM/NR	NM/NR	23	0	Soccer	High school	Instrumented helmets
McIntosh et al (2009)28 and Frechede and McIntosh (2009)29	59	103.4	5541	8020	13	27	Australian football	Professional	Rigid body simulations
Newman et al (2005)30/ Pellman et al (2003)31	54.3	97.9	4159	6664	33	25	American football	Professional	ATD reconstructions

+, presence of impairment; −, absence of impairment; COI, clinically observed impairment; FOI, functionally observed impairment; NM/NR, not measured or not reported.