Effect of treatment group and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on pregnancy outcomes
| No GDM (WHO criteria) | GDM (WHO criteria) | p Value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise (n=169) | Control (n=157) | Exercise (n=41) | Control (n=61) | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,200±442 | 3,191±470 | 3,204±470 | 3,429±427** | 0.025 |
| Gestational age (days) | 277±12 | 276±10 | 276±11 | 279±8 | 0.137 |
| Caesarean delivery (n, %) | 24 (14.2) | 28 (17.8) | 9 (22) | 17 (27.9) | 0.934 |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 11.8±3.6 | 13.3±4.3**** | 11.2±4.1 | 13.3±3.7*** | 0.536 |
| Apgar score 1 min | 8.8±1.4 | 8.6±1.4 | 8.8±1.3 | 8.9±1.2 | 0.347 |
| Apgar score 5 min | 9.9±0.4 | 9.9±0.4 | 9.8±0.7 | 10±1.2 | 0.10 |
| No GDM (IADPSG criteria) | GDM (IADPSG criteria) | ||||
| Exercise (n=181) | Control (n=186) | Exercise (n=29) | Control (n=32) | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,204±444 | 3,218±465 | 3,180±465 | 3,482±437*** | 0.022 |
| Gestational age (days) | 277±10 | 277±11 | 280±7 | 277±11 | 0.261 |
| Caesarean delivery (n, %) | 27 (14.9) | 36 (19.4) | 6 (20.7) | 9 (28.1) | 0.891 |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 11.7±3.7 | 13.3±4.2**** | 11.6±4.1 | 13.4±3.8 | 0.902 |
| Apgar score 1 min | 8.8±1.4 | 8.6±1.4 | 8.9±1.1 | 8.9±0.2 | 0.668 |
| Apgar score 5 min | 9.8±0.5 | 9.9±0.8 | 9.8±0.5 | 9.9±0.8 | 0.768 |
*p for treatment (group)×GDM interaction.
**p<0.05 vs exercise group.
***p<0.01 vs exercise group.
****p<0.001 vs exercise group.
WHO criteria when 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (‘2 h glucose’) ≥140 mg/dl. GDM International Association for Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria when 2 h glucose ≥153 mg/dl.