| References (alphabetical order) | Number of subject, gender and age | Exercise protocol | Ambient temperature (°C) | Relative humidity (%) | Dehydration level (% bodyweight) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecologically valid exercise protocols | |||||
| Bachle et al26 | 10 recreationally-trained subjects, 4 men, 6 women, 29±6 years | 1-h self-paced laboratory-based cycling time-trial | 21°C | 72% | Dehydrated group: −1.02% Euhydrated group: +0.8% |
| Backx et al27 | 8 trained cyclists, 8 men, 0 woman, 29 ± 7 years | 1-h self-paced laboratory-based cycling time-trial | 20°C | 70% | A. LF trial: −1.7%; FAM trial: −0.9% B. MF trial: −1.3%; HF trial: −0.7% C. LF trial: −1.7%; HF trial: −0.7% D. MF trial: −1.34%; FAM trial: −0.88% |
| Dugas et al28 | 6 highly-trained cyclists, 6 men, 0 woman; 23±4 years | 80 km long cycling time-trial | 33°C | 50% | A. 0 trial: −4.3%; 100 trial: −0.5% B. 33 trial: −2.9%; 100 trial: −0.5% |
| C. Ad Lib trial: −2.1%; 100 trial: −0.5% | |||||
| D. 66 trial: −1.9%; 100 trial: −0.5% | |||||
| E. WET trial: −3.9%; 100 trial: −0.5% | |||||
| Kay and Marino29 | 7 healthy cyclists, 6 men, 1 woman, 21±3 years | 1-h self-paced laboratory-based cycling time-trial | Moderate F vs NF: 19.8°C; Warm F vs NF: 33.2°C | All trials: 63% | A. Warm NF trial: −2.2%; Warm F trial: 0% B. Moderate NF trial: −1.8%; Moderate F trial: 0% |
| Robinson et al31 | 8 endurance-trained subjects, 8 men, 0 woman, 26±4 years | 1-h self-paced laboratory-based cycling time-trial | 20°C | 60% | Dehydrated group: −2.3% Euhydrated group: −0.9% |
| Non-ecologically valid exercise protocols | |||||
| Below et al19 | 8 endurance-trained subjects, 8 men, 0 woman, 23±3 years | 50-min of laboratory-based cycling at 80% ˙O2peak, followed by a laboratory-based cycling test requiring the completion of a set amount of work (~165 000 J) in the shortest time possible | 31°C | 54% | A. Placebo trial: −2.0%; Fluid trial: −0.5% B. Carbohydrate trial: −1.8%; Carbohydrate + fluid trial: −0.5% |
| Ebert et al20 | 8 well-trained cyclists, 8 men, 0 woman, 28±6 years | 2-h of laboratory-based cycling at 53% of maximal aerobic power output, followed by a laboratory-based cycling hill-climb time-to-exhaustion trial at 88% of maximal aerobic power output at an incline of 8% | 29°C | 37% | Dehydrated group: −3.1% Euhydrated group: −0.5% |
| Edwards et al21 | 11 moderately active soccer players, 11 men, 0 woman, 24±3 years | 1) 45-min of laboratory-based cycling at 90% of individual ventilatory threshold +; 2) a 45-min outdoor soccer match and; 3) a YO-YO intermittent recovery test | 1) 45-min laboratory-based cycling test: 24.5°C; 2) 45-min soccer match: 20°C | 1) 45-min laboratory-based cycling test: 51%; 2) 45-min soccer match: 52% | A. MR trial: −2.1%;FL trial: −0.7% B. NF trial: −2.4%; FL trial: −0.7% |
| Fallowfield et al32 | 8 subjects, 4 men, 4 women, 21±2 years | Treadmill run at 70% ˙O2peak, until exhaustion | 20°C | 50% | Dehydrated group: −2.0% Euhydrated group: −0.8% |
| Maughan et al33 | 12 healthy subjects; 12 men, 0 woman, 24±3 years | Laboratory-based cycling test to exhaustion at 70% ˙O2peak, | 21°C | 21% | B. Dehydrated group: −1.9% Euhydrated group: −0.6% |
| Maughan et al34 | 6 healthy subjects; 6 men, 0 woman, 29±5 years | Laboratory-based cycling test to exhaustion at 70% ˙O2peak, | 22.5°C | 45% | A. Dehydrated group: −1.8% Euhydrated group: −0.7% |
| McConell et al30 | 8 well-trained cyclists and triathletes, 8 men, 0 woman, 26±3 years | 45-min of laboratory-based cycling at 80% ˙O2peak, followed by a laboratory-based cycling time-trial in which subjects had to complete as much work as possible during 15 min | 21°C | 41% | 2a. FR-50 trial: −1.0%; FR-100 trial: 0% 2b. NF trial: −1.9% FR-100 trial: 0% 2c. NF trial: −1.9% FR-50 trial: −1.0% |
| McConell et al22 | 7 well-trained cyclists and triathletes, 7 men, 0 woman, 24±3 years | 2-h laboratory-based cycling at 69% ˙O2peak, followed by a laboratory-based cycling test to exhaustion at 90% ˙O2peak, | 21°C | 43% | 1a. NF trial: −3.2%; FR-100 trial: −0.1% 2b. FR-50 trial: −1.8%; FR-100 trial: −0.1% |
| Van Schuylenbergh et al23 | 9 highly-trained endurance athletes, 9 men, 0 women, 26±6 years | 1) 20-min laboratory based cycling warming-up period +; 2) 2-h of laboratory-based incremental cycling test to exhaustion +; 3) 2-h of laboratory-based intermittent cycling (mean intensity of 70% ˙O2peak, and; 4) a laboratory-based incremental cycling test to exhaustion | 20°C | 60% | Dehydrated group: −3.3% Euhydrated group: −0.7% |
| Walsh et al24 | 6 endurance-trained competitive cyclists or triathletes, 6 men, 0 woman, 26±4 years | 1-h of laboratory-based cycling at 70% ˙O2peak, followed by a laboratory-based cycling test to exhaustion at 90% ˙O2peak, | 32°C | 60% | Dehydrated group: −1.8% Euhydrated group: −0.2% |
Ad Lib, ad libitum drinking; F, fluid; FAM, familiarisation; FL, fluid; FR, fluid replacement; HF, high fluid; LF, low fluid; MF, medium fluid; MR, mouth rinsing only; NF, no fluid; WET, mouth rinsing only; 0, no fluid; 33, 33% fluid replacement; 66, 66% fluid replacement; 100, 100% fluid replacement.