The physical/medical symptoms and the psychological/behavioural characteristics of energy restriction and eating disorders among athletes
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Physical/medical | |
| Dermatological/dental | Hair loss Lanugo hair Dorsal hand callus or abrasions Dental and gum problems |
| Cardiovascular | Bradycardia Hypotension |
| Endocrine | Hypoglycaemia Delayed onset of puberty Menstrual dysfunction Stress fracture |
| Gastrointestinal | Swollen parotid glands Constipation Postprandial distress |
| Renal | Dehydration Oedema Electrolyte disturbances Muscle cramps Metabolic alkalosis |
| Other | Significant weight loss/frequent weight fluctuations Fatigue Anaemic |
| Psychological/behavioural | Restrictive eating, binging and purging Mood swings Avoidance of eating/eating situation Dissatisfaction with body image (especially in the sport context) Extreme performance orientation Low self-esteem Poor coping skills Compulsive and excessive training, also when injured Insomnia Reduced social activities Poor concentration |
Revised based on Thompson and Sherman.29