HRs for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality by levels of Leisure-time physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity among US adults who participated in the NHANES 1999–2004 during 4.8-year follow-up period
| Deaths/number at risk* | Mortality rate† | Model 1‡ | Model 2§ | Model 3¶ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | ||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||
| Aerobic physical activity | |||||||||
| Inactive | 436/4604 | 12.7 | (11.3 to 14.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Insufficiently active | 99/2254 | 6.5 | (4.9 to 8.2) | 0.59 | (0.45 to 0.77) | 0.72** | (0.54 to 0.97) | 0.75** | (0.54 to 1.05) |
| Physically active | 130/3677 | 4.9 | (3.7 to 6.1) | 0.47 | (0.38 to 0.60) | 0.64** | (0.52 to 0.79) | 0.70** | (0.56 to 0.88) |
| Muscle-strengthening activity | |||||||||
| <2 times/week | 605/8674 | 9.1 | (8.2 to 10.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥2 times/week | 60/1861 | 5.4 | (3.1 to 7.8) | 0.68 | (0.46 to 0.99) | 0.87†† | (0.56 to 1.36) | 0.97†† | (0.61 to 1.54) |
| CVD mortality | |||||||||
| Aerobic physical activity | |||||||||
| Inactive | 163/4604 | 4.4 | (3.4 to 5.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Insufficiently active | 27/2254 | 1.6 | (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.45 | (0.28 to 0.72) | 0.57** | (0.34 to 0.97) | 0.53** | (0.30 to 0.94) |
| Physically active | 43/3677 | 1.5 | (1.0 to 2.1) | 0.45 | (0.28 to 0.73) | 0.69** | (0.43 to 1.12) | 0.85** | (0.50 to 1.43) |
| Muscle-strengthening activity | |||||||||
| <2 times/week | 208/8674 | 2.9 | (2.4 to 3.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥2 times/week | 25/1861 | 2.0 | (1.1 to 2.8) | 0.76 | (0.49 to 1.18) | 1.00†† | (0.64 to 1.57) | 1.17†† | (0.67 to 2.04) |
*Unweighted numbers.
†Age-adjusted, presented as per 1000 person-years.
‡Model 1: unadjusted.
§Model 2: adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, education, body weight status, smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, serum concentrations of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated C reactive protein, eGFR, pre-existing chronic conditions (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, asthma, arthritis, disability and cancer).
¶Model 3: subanalyses were conducted after excluding deaths that occurred during the first-year follow-up period while controlling for covariates as listed in model 2 (all deaths=577, CVD deaths=196).
**With further adjustment for muscle-strengthening activity.
††With further adjustment for aerobic physical activity.
CVD, cardiovascular disease.