Characteristics of the participants included in each of the five foot posture groups
| Gender | Previous injuries | Previous RRI | Running experience | Age | BMI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count (m/f) | Count (y/n) | Count (y/n) | Count (y/n) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |
| Right foot | ||||||
| Highly supinated | 12/13 | 13/12 | 8/17 | 8/17 | 37.6 (2.05) | 25.8 (0.79) |
| Supinated | 94/104 | 75/123 | 31/167 | 80/118 | 36.0 (0.69) | 26.7 (0.33) |
| Neutrals | 323/321 | 235/409 | 111/533 | 259/385 | 37.4 (0.41) | 26.2 (0.17) |
| Pronated | 32/20 | 24/28 | 13/39 | 18/34 | 37.9 (1.28) | 26.0 (0.64) |
| Highly pronated | 5/3 | 3/5 | 2/6 | 1/7 | 34.9 (4.67) | 27.5 (1.57) |
| p Value | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
| Left foot | ||||||
| Highly supinated | 17/11 | 11/17 | 8/20 | 13/15 | 34.1 (1.78 | 25.2 (0.70) |
| Supinated | 81/90 | 65/106 | 29/142 | 62/109 | 37.4 (0.75) | 26.7 (0.34) |
| Neutrals | 327/321 | 242/406 | 110/538 | 270/378 | 37.2 (0.40) | 26.1 (0.17) |
| Pronated | 33/37 | 26/44 | 14/56 | 18/52 | 37.5 (1.37) | 26.8 (0.58) |
| Highly pronated | 8/2 | 6/4 | 4/6 | 3/7 | 34.4 (2.53) | 27.3 (1.33) |
| p Value | 0.23 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.26 |
The p values represent the significance level of each test: in case of categorical data χ² (R×C) tests were used while one-way analysis of variance was used in case of continuous data. Running experience (yes) was defined as ‘had been running on a regular basis before but not in the previous 12 months preceding the baseline investigation’. Previous injuries are defined as muscular-skeletal complaints not related to running.
f, female; m, male; n, no; y, yes; RRI, running-related injury; SE, standard error.