Abnormal history, physical examination and ECG in the study population and test required for each abnormality
| Abnormal finding | Number of atheletes (%) | Test for each abnormality |
|---|---|---|
| Family history | 3 (0.3) | |
| Fatal aortic dissection father | 2 (0.2) | E |
| Bicuspid aortic valve father and brother | 1 (0.1) | E |
| Personal history | 11 (1.0) | |
| Atypical angina | 5 (0.5) | Ex |
| Palpitations | 5 (0.5) | E, Ex, H |
| Syncope of undetermined origin | 1 (0.1) | E, Ex, H |
| Physical examination | 15 (1.4) | |
| Heart murmur | 9 (0.8) | E |
| Hypertension | 6 (0.6) | BPM |
| ECG | 42 (3.9) | |
| Negative T-waves | 21 (2.0) | E +/− CMR |
| Minor (≥1 mm)/deep (≥2 mm) | 17 (1.6)/4 (0.4) | |
| Ventricular premature beats | 6 (0.6) | E, Ex, H |
| Atrial premature beats | 5 (0.5) | E, Ex, H |
| Left axis deviation | 5 (0.5) | E, Ex |
| WPW ECG-pattern | 3 (0.3) | E, Ex, H |
| Prolonged QT interval | 2 (0.2) | E, Ex, H |
| Complete RBBB | 1 (0.1) | E, Ex |
| Right axis deviation | 1 (0.1) | E |
| Left atrial enlargement | 1 (0.1) | E |
| Abnormal Q-waves | 1 (0.1) | E |
Selected athletes had more than one abnormal finding. More tests may be required per abnormal finding depending on the clinical circumstance.
BPM, 24 h blood pressure monitoring; CMR, Cardiac MRI; E, echocardiogram; Ex, exercise stress test; H, 24 h Holter monitoring; RBBB, Right bundle branch block; WPW, Wolff-Parkinson-White.