Table 4

Incidence studies in the military and general population

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Case identification	Denominator	Exertional deaths of all?	SCD or SCA+SCD	Years studied	Population	Incidence	No. of years	Age range	Mean age	No. of cardiac deaths
Eckart44	2004	USA	Retrospective cohort	Mandatory reporting of all deaths to DOD recruit mortality registry with autopsy data	Numbers from DOD	All	SCD	1977–2001	Military recruits	1:10 000	25	18–35	19	108
Gunnarson36	2006	Iceland	Retrospective cohort	Death certificates and autopsy reports reviewed	Iceland population statistics	All	SCD	1974–2004	Young people	1:68 000	30	12–35		45
Atkins41	2009	USA and Canada	Prospective cohort study	EMS responding to confirmed cardiac cases	Population statistics	All	SCA+SCD	2005–2007	Young people	1:49 000	3	12–19	16.4	193
Chugh42	2009	USA	Prospective population based	EMS responding to confirmed cardiac cases	Population statistics	All	SCA+SCD	2002–2005	Young people	1:58 828	3	10–14	_	2
Papdakis37	2009	UK	Retrospective cohort	Review of death certificates	Population statistics	All		2002–2005	Young people	1:55 000	4	1–34	_	3409
Holst6	2010	Denmark	Retrospect cohort	Death certificates and autopsy reports reviewed if available (67%)	Population statistics	All	SCD	2000–2006	Young people	1:35 000	7	1–35	26.4	15
Solberg14	2010	Norway	Retrospective cohort	Norwegian cause of death registry—validated with autopsy and medical records	Population statistics	Exertional	SCD	1979–1998	Young people	1:111 111	20	15–34	27	23
Cooper40	2011	USA	Retrospective cohort	Automated data from 4 health plans—study carried out to compare ADHD users to non-users	Number of those 2–24 in health plan	All	SCA+SCD	1986–2005	Young people	1:32 258	19	2–24	11.1	81
Eckart12	2011	USA	Retrospective cohort	Mandatory reporting of all deaths to DOD mortality registry with autopsy data	DOD statistics	All	SCD	1998–2008	Military	<20–1:2 967 320–24 1:4 098 325–29–1:3 012 030–35–1:25 000	10	18–34	_	298
Margey39	2011	Ireland	Retrospective cohort	Death certificate review with autopsy confirmation	Population statistics	All	SCD	2005–2007	Young people	1:350 001:20 000 males 1:77 000 female	3	15–35	25	116
Marjion13	2011	France	Prospective	EMS responding to confirmed cardiac cases	Population statistics	Sports related	SCA+SCD	2005–2010	Young people	1:102 000 competitive athletes (10–35)	5	12–75	46	820
Meyer43	2012	USA	Prospective population based	EMS responding to confirmed cardiac cases	Population statistics	All	SCA+SCD	1980–2009	Young people	14–24 1:69.00 025 –35 1:22 700	30	14–24 25–35	_	14–24: 60 25–35: 245
Pilmer10	2013	Ontario, Canada	Retrospective cohort	From coroner’s database	Population statistics	All	SCD	2008	Young people	1:34 000 (19–29)	1	2–40	_	174
Pilmer38	2014	Ontario, Canada	Retrospective cohort	From coroner’s database	Population statistics	All	SCD	2005–2009	Young people	1:128 000	5	1–19	12	116
Winkle33	2014	Denmark	Retrospective cohort	Death certificates, autopsy reports and health records reviewed	Population statistics	All	SCD	2000–2006	Young people	1:90 909	7	1–18	13	62

SCA, sudden cardiac arrest; SCD, sudden cardiac death.