Major findings: cross-sectional studies of physical impairments and/or activity limitations in people with and without FAI
| Cross-sectional studies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, Year | Impairment and/or activity limitation investigated | Measurement method | Selected variables measured | FAI group (mean±SD) | Control group (mean±SD) | |
| Asymptomatic with no FAI | Asymptomatic FAI | |||||
| Tannast, 2007 | ROM | CT modelling | Hip flexion (°) | 105±16.1* | 121±11.8 | |
| Hip internal rotation in 90° flexion (°) | 11.7±7.1* | 35±12 | ||||
| Hip abduction (°) | 51.9±12.1* | 63±11.1 | ||||
| Kubiak-Langer, 2007 | ROM | CT modelling | Hip flexion (°) | 105.2±12.2* | 122±16.3 | |
| Hip internal rotation in 90° flexion (°) | 11.1±6.9* | 35.2±6.9 | ||||
| Hip abduction (°) | 51.7±12.2* | 63.3±10.9 | ||||
| Kennedy, 2009a | ROM | Three-dimensional kinematics of dynamic ROM | Sagittal hip ROM (°) | 130.9±13.5† | 140.5±9.0 | |
| Peak hip abduction angle (°) | 38.3±9.1* | 47.5±5.7 | ||||
| Peak hip internal rotation in 90° flexion (°) | 7.9±3.4* | 12.4±4.8 | ||||
| Peak hip external rotation in 90° flexion (°) | 20.3±4.5* | 26.0±7.0 | ||||
| Total transverse hip ROM in 90° flexion (°) | 28.2±6.7* | 38.5±9.7 | ||||
| Kennedy, 2009b | ROM | Three-dimensional motion analysis during gait | Peak hip abduction angle (°) | NR* (decrease) | NR | |
| Frontal hip ROM (°) | NR* (decrease) | NR | ||||
| Pelvic roll (°) | NR* (decrease) | NR | ||||
| Lamontagne, 2009 | Squatting ability | Three-dimensional motion analysis during squatting | Mean max squat depth (% leg length) | 41.5±12.5† | 32.3±6.8 | |
| ROM | Sagittal pelvic ROM (°) | 14.7±8.4* | 24.2±6.8 | |||
| Nussbaumer, 2010 | ROM | Goniometer | Hip abduction (°) | 30.4±7.3* | 39.3±7.4 | |
| Electromagnetic tracking system | Hip abduction (°) | 28.5±6.7* | 37.3±8.0 | |||
| Casartelli, 2011 | Strength | Isometric maximal voluntary contraction via dynamometer | Hip adduction (Nm/kg) | 1.57±0.82* | 2.17±0.49 | |
| Hip abduction (Nm/kg) | 1.81±0.43† | 2.03±0.31 | ||||
| Hip internal rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.47±0.16 | 0.55±0.17 | ||||
| Hip external rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.46±0.21† | 0.56±0.15 | ||||
| Hip flexion (Nm/kg) | 0.87±0.46* | 1.17±0.37 | ||||
| Hip extension (Nm/kg) | 1.64±1.00 | 1.66±0.86 | ||||
| Neuromuscular activity | Muscle activation of the RF and TFL during active hip flexion via surface electromyography | RF activity level (µV) | 186±131 | 294±184 | ||
| TFL activity level (µV) | 401±251† | 582±323 | ||||
| Emara, 2011 | ROM | Not reported | Hip flexion (°) | 95.0±0.4 | ‡103.0±2.6§ | |
| Hip extension (°) | 4.0±1.6 | 4.3±1.7§ | ||||
| Hip abduction (°) | 37.0±0.4 | 43.0±3.3§ | ||||
| Hip adduction (°) | 17.0±7.0 | 19.0±8.0§ | ||||
| Hip external rotation in flexion (°) | 28.5±0.5 | 33.9±4.0§ | ||||
| Hip external rotation in extension (°) | 25.3±0.3 | 29.7±3.2§ | ||||
| Hip internal rotation in flexion (°) | 9.4±0.3 | 14.6±2.9§ | ||||
| Hip internal rotation in extension (°) | 15.8±0.4 | 19.0±2.6§ | ||||
| Casartelli, 2012 | Fatigue | Submaximal isometric fatigue via dynamometer | Max isometric torque hip flexors (Nm/kg) | 0.96±0.46† | 1.21±0.38 | |
| Maximal isokinetic fatigue via dynamometer | Max isokinetic torque hip flexors (Nm/kg) | 0.97±0.38† | 1.16±0.36 | |||
| Neuromuscular activity | Muscle activation of the RF and TFL during submaximal isometric fatigue via surface electromyography | RF and TFL activity level (µV) | Not significant | Not significant | ||
| Audenaert, 2012a | ROM | Electromagnetic tracking system to measure kinematics | Neutral hip internal rotation (°) | 28.5±NR† | 34.1±NR | 32.5±NR |
| Neutral hip external rotation (°) | 28.9±NR*¶ | 38.4±NR | 38.0±NR | |||
| Hip flexion (°) | 113.7±NR* | 125.0±NR | 120.8±NR | |||
| Hip internal rotation in 90° flexion (°) | 16.7±NR*¶ | 28.0±NR | 27.8±NR | |||
| Audenaert, 2012b | ROM | CT modelling | Range of hip internal rotation in high flex (°) | 12.9±6.4*¶ | 27.8±7.6 | 20.9±9.1* |
| Range of hip internal rotation on impingement test (°) | 12.3±6.5*¶ | 27.9±7.4 | 21.1±8.8* | |||
| Brisson, 2013 | ROM | 3-Dimensional motion analysis during gait | Sagittal hip ROM (°) | 47.4± 3.6† | 51.5±2.7 | |
| Frontal hip ROM (°) | 14.3±2.6† | 17.8±2.9 | ||||
| Joint Forces | Peak hip flexion (Nm/kg) | 0.98±0.23 | 1.05±0.31 | |||
| Peak hip external rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.11±0.04 | 0.12±0.03 | ||||
| Hunt, 2013 | ROM | 3-Dimensional motion analysis during gait | Peak hip extension (°) | 7.4±6.7† | 12.0±7.2 | |
| Peak hip adduction (°) | 4.1±3.7† | 5.7±2.9 | ||||
| Joint Forces | Peak hip internal rotation (°) | 3.1±4.2† | 8.2±5.8 | |||
| Peak hip flexion (Nm/kg) | 0.48±0.15† | 0.56±0.16 | ||||
| Peak hip external rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.12±0.04† | 0.15±0.03 | ||||
| Rylander, 2013 | ROM | 3-Dimensional motion analysis during gait | Sagittal hip ROM (°) | 40.0±5.7† | 44.1±4.8 | |
| Hip rotation ROM (°) | 11.3±3.5† | 14.0±4.4 | ||||
| Max hip internal rotation (°) | 6.5±4.6† | 11.0±5.4 | ||||
| Frontal hip ROM (°) | 10.0±2.2* | 13.4±4.1 | ||||
| Max hip abduction (°) | (−)1.1±5.0† | 2.2±3.3 | ||||
| 3-Dimensional motion analysis during stair climbing | Sagittal hip ROM (°) | 54.8±3.7* | 60.0±4.5 | |||
| Max hip extension (°) | (−) 11.4±6.9† | (−) 6.6±4.0 | ||||
| Max hip internal rotation (°) | 7.1±6.4† | 12.1±4.2 | ||||
| Pelvic rotation ROM (°) | 13.8±6.3* | 8.3±4.9 | ||||
| Max pelvic tilt (°) | 20.8±6.2* | 14.3±3.9 | ||||
*Significant difference p<0.01 compared to asymptomatic with no FAI.
†Significant difference p<0.05 compared to asymptomatic with no FAI.
‡=Contralateral limb of FAI group.
§=Not tested for significance.
¶Significant difference p<0.01 compared to asymptomatic with FAI.
FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; NR, not reported; TFL, tensor fasciae latae; RF, rectus femoris; ROM, range of motion.