Incidences of injury per 1000 registered athletes and relative risk of injury with lower and upper limits of ±95% CI and probabilistic inferences about the true standardised magnitude in relative risks, in male and female athletes for location, type and specific diagnoses (WOC 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, OG 2012, EOC 2012, WIC 2014, EIC 2009, 2011, 2013)
| All injuries | In-competition injuries | All time-loss injuries | In-competition time-loss injuries | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | RR (95% CI) | Male | Female | RR (95% CI) | Male | Female | RR (95% CI) | Male | Female | RR (95% CI) | |
| Injury location | ||||||||||||
| Face/head | 1.0±0.7 | 1.0±0.8 | 0.99 (0.33 to 2.94) trivial | 0.9±0.7 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.02 (0.31 to 3.33) trivial | 0.1±0.3 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.21 (0.02 to 1.89) large | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.6 | 0.28 (0.03 to 2.71) large |
| Neck/spine | 8.0±2.1 | 8.4±2.3 | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.39) trivial | 5.6±1.7 | 5.4±1.9 | 1.04 (0.65 to 1.64) trivial | 2.6±1.2 | 2.5±1.3 | 1.02 (0.51 to 2.01) trivial | 2.0±1.0 | 1.7±1.0 | 1.19 (0.53 to 2.67) trivial |
| Trunk (except spine) | 3.6±1.4 | 2.9±1.4 | 1.24 (0.67 to 2.30) small | 2.7±1.2 | 2.0±1.1 | 1.34 (0.65 to 2.76) small | 2.0±1.0 | 1.2±0.9 | 1.69 (0.68 to 4.19) small | 1.7±1.0 | 0.8±0.7 | 2.03 (0.72 to 5.76) moderate |
| Shoulder | 2.3±1.1 | 3.0±1.4 | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.47) small | 2.0±1.0 | 2.7±1.3 | 0.74 (0.36 to 1.52) small | 1.4±0.9 | 1.7±1.0 | 0.85 (0.35 to 2.03) small | 1.3±0.8 | 1.3±0.9 | 0.95 (0.37 to 2.47) trivial |
| Arm/hand except shoulder | 5.0±1.7 | 5.6±1.9 | 0.90 (0.56 to 1.44) trivial | 3.9±1.5 | 3.5±1.5 | 1.09 (0.62 to 1.92) trivial | 2.3±1.1 | 1.2±0.9 | 1.93 (0.80 to 4.70) moderate | 1.7±1.0 | 0.8±0.7 | 2.03 (0.72 to 5.76) moderate |
| Hip/groin | 6.9±1.9 | 3.0±1.4 | 2.26 (1.31 to 3.88)* moderate | 5.0±1.7 | 2.2±1.1 | 2.28 (1.21 to 4.30)* moderate | 3.9±1.5 | 1.0±0.8 | 3.81 (1.57 to 9.22)* large | 2.9±1.2 | 0.8±0.7 | 3.39 (1.27 to 9.02)* large |
| Thigh | 32.4±4.1 | 19.7±3.5 | 1.64 (1.32 to 2.05)* small | 25.7±3.7 | 14.5±3.0 | 1.77 (1.37 to 2.29)* small | 17.8±3.1 | 10.6±2.6 | 1.68 (1.24 to 2.27)* small | 15.4±2.9 | 8.8±2.4 | 1.76 (1.27 to 2.44)* small |
| Knee | 11.7±2.5 | 10.6±2.6 | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.53) trivial | 8.7±2.2 | 8.4±2.3 | 1.03 (0.71 to 1.50) trivial | 4.9±1.6 | 4.6±1.7 | 1.07 (0.64 to 1.76) trivial | 3.7±1.4 | 3.7±1.5 | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.76) trivial |
| Lower leg | 22.0±3.4 | 16.2±3.2 | 1.36 (1.05 to 1.75)* small | 18.4±3.1 | 13.5±2.9 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.80)* small | 7.1±2.0 | 6.2±2.0 | 1.14 (0.75 to 1.74) small | 5.6±1.7 | 5.4±1.9 | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.64) trivial |
| Achilles tendon | 5.7±1.8 | 4.7±1.7 | 1.21 (0.75 to 1.96) small | 3.7±1.4 | 3.2±1.4 | 1.16 (0.64 to 2.09) trivial | 3.4±1.4 | 2.9±1.4 | 1.20 (0.64 to 2.22) small | 2.7±1.2 | 1.9±1.1 | 1.46 (0.70 to 3.07) small |
| Ankle | 6.9±1.9 | 5.6±1.9 | 1.23 (0.79 to 1.92) small | 4.9±1.6 | 4.7±1.7 | 1.03 (0.62 to 1.69) trivial | 4.0±1.5 | 4.0±1.6 | 0.99 (0.57 to 1.70) trivial | 3.6±1.4 | 3.7±1.5 | 0.96 (0.54 to 1.74) trivial |
| Foot | 10.0±2.3 | 10.1±2.5 | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.39) trivial | 6.6±1.9 | 7.3±2.2 | 0.91 (0.60 to 1.37) trivial | 4.3±1.5 | 6.6±2.1 | 0.65 (0.41 to 1.05) moderate | 3.4±1.4 | 5.2±1.8 | 0.66 (0.39 to 1.12) moderate |
| Missing values | 7 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| Injury types | ||||||||||||
| Fracture | 1.1±0.8 | 1.0±0.8 | 1.13 (0.39 to 3.25) trivial | 1.0±0.7 | 0.7±0.7 | 1.48 (0.43 to 5.06) small | 1.1±0.3 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.35 (0.44 to 4.14) small | 1.0±0.7 | 0.7±0.7 | 1.48 (0.43 to 5.06) small |
| Stress fracture | 0.9±0.7 | 2.7±1.3 | 0.32 (0.12 to 0.81)* large | 0.6±0.6 | 2.4±1.2 | 0.24 (0.08 to 0.73)* large | 0.6±1.2 | 2.0±1.1 | 0.28 (0.09 to 0.87)* large | 0.4±0.5 | 1.7±1.0 | 0.25 (0.07 to 0.92)* large |
| Other bone injury | 1.1±0.8 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.35 (0.44 to 4.14) small | 0.1±0.3 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.21 (0.02 to 1.89) large | 0.4±1.0 | 0.5±0.6 | 0.85 (0.17 to 4.19) small | 0.1±0.3 | 0.5±0.6 | 0.28 (0.03 to 2.71) large |
| Tendon rupture | 1.4±0.9 | 0.7±0.7 | 2.12 (0.66 to 6.74) moderate | 1.4±0.9 | 0.5±0.6 | 2.82 (0.78 to 10.2) moderate | 1.3±0.9 | 0.7±0.7 | 1.90 (0.59 to 6.18) moderate | 1.3±0.8 | 0.5±0.6 | 2.54 (0.69 to 9.38) moderate |
| Sprain/ligamentous rupture/dislocation | 13.3±2.7 | 13.8±3.0 | 0.96 (0.71 to 1.29) trivial | 9.0±2.2 | 10.1±2.5 | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.26) small | 7.1±1.1 | 7.1±2.1 | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.52) trivial | 5.9±1.8 | 5.7±1.9 | 1.02 (0.65 to 1.61) trivial |
| Lesion of meniscus or cartilage | 1.7±1.0 | 0.5±0.6 | 3.39 (0.96 to 12.0) large | 1.0±0.7 | 0.5±0.6 | 1.98 (0.51 to 7.63) moderate | 1.0±1.5 | 0.3±0.5 | 2.96 (0.62 to 14.3) moderate | 0.4±0.5 | 0.3±0.5 | 1.27 (0.21 to 7.60) small |
| Strain | 34.1±4.3 | 20.7±3.6 | 1.64 (1.33 to 2.04)* small | 23.8±3.6 | 14.8±3.1 | 1.61 (1.24 to 2.07)* small | 23.7±3.1 | 12.3±2.8 | 1.93 (1.47 to 2.53)* moderate | 19.3±3.2 | 10.6±2.6 | 1.81 (1.35 to 2.44)* small |
| Contusion | 9.4±2.3 | 10.0±2.5 | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.34) trivial | 9.0±2.2 | 9.3±2.4 | 0.97 (0.68 to 1.39) trivial | 4.1±1.6 | 4.9±1.8 | 0.85 (0.51 to 1.41) small | 4.1±1.5 | 4.7±1.7 | 0.88 (0.52 to 1.47) small |
| Tendinopathy | 9.7±2.3 | 8.4±2.3 | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.66) trivial | 5.7±1.8 | 5.2±1.8 | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.74) trivial | 3.9±2.0 | 4.2±1.6 | 0.91 (0.53 to 1.57) trivial | 2.7±1.2 | 2.7±1.3 | 1.01 (0.52 to 1.95) trivial |
| Arthritis fasciitis | 2.3±1.1 | 3.0±1.4 | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.47) small | 1.1±0.8 | 1.3±0.9 | 0.85 (0.32 to 2.25) small | 0.9±1.4 | 0.8±0.7 | 1.02 (0.31 to 3.33) trivial | 0.6±0.6 | 0.5±0.6 | 1.13 (0.25 to 5.04) trivial |
| Laceration | 16.4±3.0 | 13.0±2.9 | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.68) small | 14.6±2.8 | 11.5±2.7 | 1.27 (0.94 to 1.72) small | 1.9±1.5 | 3.0±1.4 | 0.61 (0.30 to 1.25) moderate | 1.7±1.0 | 2.7±1.3 | 0.63 (0.30 to 1.34) moderate |
| Muscle cramps | 19.6±3.2 | 10.8±2.6 | 1.81 (1.35 to 2.43)* small | 17.3±3.1 | 7.9±2.3 | 2.18 (1.56 to 3.05)* moderate | 6.9±1.5 | 4.0±1.6 | 1.69 (1.04 to 2.76)* small | 6.0±1.8 | 3.2±1.4 | 1.87 (1.09 to 3.21)* small |
| Other Concussion Dental injury Nerve injury Impingement | 4.6±1.6 | 5.6±1.9 | 0.82 (0.51 to 1.33) small | 3.6±1.4 | 3.5±1.5 | 1.01 (0.56 to 1.80) trivial | 0.6±5.3 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.85 (0.21 to 3.38) small | 0.4±0.5 | 0.3±0.5 | 1.27 (0.21 to 7.60) small |
| Missing Values | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Main diagnoses | ||||||||||||
| Thigh strains | 20.4±3.3 | 12.3±2.8 | 1.66 (1.25 to 2.19)* small | 15.7±2.9 | 9.3±2.4 | 1.69 (1.23 to 2.34)* small | 14.8±2.8 | 7.9±2.3 | 1.87 (1.33 to 2.64)* small | 12.8±2.6 | 6.7±2.1 | 1.90 (1.31 to 2.76)* moderate |
| Thigh cramps | 8.4±2.1 | 3.4±1.5 | 2.50 (1.51 to 4.14)* moderate | 7.6±2.0 | 2.7±1.3 | 2.80 (1.60 to 4.90)* moderate | 2.6±1.2 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.90 (0.83 to 4.38) moderate | 2.4±1.2 | 1.0±0.8 | 2.40 (0.95 to 6.08) moderate |
| Lower leg cramps | 6.1±1.8 | 3.7±1.5 | 1.65 (0.99 to 2.76) small | 5.7±1.8 | 2.9±1.4 | 1.99 (1.13 to 3.51)* moderate | 1.9±1.0 | 1.0±0.8 | 1.83 (0.70 to 4.82) small | 1.7±1.0 | 1.0±0.8 | 1.69 (0.64 to 4.51) small |
| Lower leg strains | 4.9±1.6 | 3.4±1.5 | 1.44 (0.83 to 2.50) small | 3.0±1.3 | 2.5±1.3 | 1.19 (0.61 to 2.30) trivial | 3.6±1.4 | 2.0±1.1 | 1.76 (0.89 to 3.51) small | 2.4±1.2 | 1.9±1.1 | 1.31 (0.61 to 2.79) small |
| Ankle sprains | 4.6±1.6 | 3.9±1.6 | 1.18 (0.69 to 2.01) trivial | 3.1±1.3 | 3.5±1.5 | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.61) small | 2.7±1.2 | 3.4±1.5 | 0.80 (0.43 to 1.51) small | 2.4±1.2 | 3.0±1.4 | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.55) small |
| Achilles tendinopathy | 3.6±1.4 | 2.9±1.4 | 1.24 (0.67 to 2.30) small | 2.0±1.0 | 2.2±1.2 | 0.91 (0.43 to 1.94) trivial | 1.7±1.0 | 2.0±1.1 | 0.85 (0.38 to 1.88) small | 1.3±0.8 | 1.3±0.9 | 0.95 (0.37 to 2.47) trivial |
| Knee sprains | 3.0±1.3 | 2.0±1.1 | 1.48 (0.73 to 3.01) small | 2.1±1.1 | 1.0±0.8 | 2.12 (0.82 to 5.45) moderate | 1.4±0.9 | 0.7±0.7 | 2.12 (0.66 to 6.74) moderate | 1.1±0.8 | 0.3±0.5 | 3.39 (0.72 to 15.9) large |
| Low back cramps | 1.6±0.9 | 1.9±1.1 | 0.85 (0.37 to 1.95) small | 0.9±0.7 | 1.0±0.8 | 0.85 (0.27 to 2.62) small | 0.6±0.6 | 0.7±0.7 | 0.85 (0.21 to 3.38) small | 0.4±0.5 | 0.3±0.5 | 1.27 (0.21 to 7.60) small |
*Significant relative risk between male and female athletes (p<0.05).
EIC, European Indoor Championships; EOC, European Outdoor Championships; OG, Olympic Games; WIC, World Indoor Championships; WOC, World Outdoor Championships