Parameters during the engagement phase across the five different engagement techniques and six different playing levels*
| Variable\category | CTPE | CTS | Fold-in | 7+1 | 5+3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak compression force (kN)† # | 2,3,5 | 1,3,5 | 1,2,4,5 | 3,5 | 1,2,3,4 |
| Internationalc,a,w,s | 16.5 (1.4) | 15.8 (1.6) | 8.6 (2.0) | 15.6 (1.3) | 14.2 (1.6) |
| Elitec,a,w,s | 16.5 (1.4) | 15.9 (1.5) | 8.6 (0.9) | 15.8 (1.6) | 14.5 (1.5) |
| Communityi,e,w,s | 12.0 (1.6) | 11.9 (1.7) | 5.9 (1.3) | 11.6 (1.5) | 10.0 (0.9) |
| Academyi,e | 11.7 (2.0) | 11.1 (1.3) | 6.5 (1.2) | 11.3 (1.8) | 10.2 (1.6) |
| Womeni,e,c | 8.7 (0.1) | 8.0 (0.2) | 4.4 (0.4) | 8.1 (0.8) | 7.0 (1.0) |
| Schooli,e,c | 9.1 (3.2) | 8.7 (2.3) | 4.2 (0.8) | 8.6 (2.9) | 7.5 (2.7) |
| Normalised peak compression force [multiples of pack weight]† # | 2,3,4,5 | 1,3,5 | 1,2,4,5 | 1,3,5 | 1,2,3,4 |
| Internationalc,a,w,s | 1.88 (0.15) | 1.80 (0.18) | 0.98 (0.23) | 1.78 (0.14) | 1.63 (0.19) |
| Elitec,a,w,s | 1.94 (0.16) | 1.86 (0.16) | 1.01 (0.11) | 1.86 (0.16) | 1.69 (0.15) |
| Communityi,e | 1.45 (0.18) | 1.44 (0.20) | 0.71 (0.15) | 1.40 (0.14) | 1.21 (0.10) |
| Academyi,e | 1.50 (0.25) | 1.43 (0.17) | 0.83 (0.14) | 1.45 (0.21) | 1.31 (0.20) |
| Womeni,e | 1.37 (0.07) | 1.27 (0.05) | 0.70 (0.09) | 1.28 (0.13) | 1.11 (0.17) |
| Schooli,e | 1.34 (0.35) | 1.28 (0.23) | 0.62 (0.08) | 1.26 (0.32) | 1.10 (0.30) |
| Positive impulse (kN s)† # | 3,4,5 | 3,4,5 | 1,2,5 | 1,2,5 | 1,2,3,4 |
| Internationalw,s | 3.1 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.2) |
| Elitew,s | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.0 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.2) |
| Communityw,s | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.2) |
| Academyw,s | 2.8 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.5) |
| Womeni,e,c,a | 2.1 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.1) |
| Schooli,e,c,a | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) |
| Negative impulse (kN s)† # | 3,5 | 3,5 | 1,2,4,5 | 3,5 | 1,2,3,4 |
| Internationalc,a,w,s | −1.0 (0.7) | −1.0 (0.7) | −0.3 (0.3) | −1.0 (0.7) | −1.3 (0.8) |
| Elitec,a,s | −1.1 (0.4) | −0.9 (0.3) | −0.5 (0.2) | −1.0 (0.4) | −1.2 (0.4) |
| Communityi,e | −0.4 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | −0.4 (0.2) | −0.7 (0.4) |
| Academyi,e | −0.5 (0.2) | −0.3 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.1) | −0.5 (0.3) | −0.7 (0.3) |
| Womeni | −0.4 (0.2) | −0.4 (0.1) | −0.3 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.2) | −0.7 (0.3) |
| Schooli,e | −0.3 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.1) | −0.3 (0.2) | −0.3 (0.1) | −0.6 (0.4) |
| Peak vertical force (kN)† # | 3,5 | 3,5 | 1,2,4 | 3,5 | 1,2,4 |
| International | −3.6 (1.4) | −3.8 (1.0) | −2.7 (0.9) | −3.1 (0.7) | −2.44 (0.6) |
| Elitec,w,s | −3.9 (0.7) | −4.5 (1.1) | −3.1 (0.7) | −3.9 (0.6) | −3.0 (1.1) |
| Communitye | −2.3 (1.1) | −2.5 (1.1) | −1.4 (0.6) | −2.4 (0.9) | −1.6 (0.6) |
| Academy | −2.9 (1.1) | −3.0 (1.2) | −2.3 (0.5) | −3.3 (1.3) | −2.6 (0.8) |
| Womene | −2.4 (0.7) | −2.2 (0.9) | −1.6 (0.6) | −2.1 (1.0) | −1.7 (0.3) |
| Schoole | −2.0 (1.0) | −2.3 (1.3) | −1.2 (0.6) | −2.1 (1.5) | −1.9 (1.2) |
| Range of lateral force (kN)† # | 3 | 3 | 1,2,4,5 | 3 | 3 |
| Internationalc,a,w,s | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.3) |
| Elitew,s | 1.7 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.2) |
| Communityi | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.5) |
| Academyi | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) |
| Womeni,e | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.1) |
| Schooli,e | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.4) |
| Hazard index (au) | 3,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| International | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.02) |
| Elite | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.03) |
| Community | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.02) |
| Academy | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.02) |
| Women | 0.15 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.02) |
| School | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.02) |
| Max hazard measure (au)† # | 3 | 3 | 1,2,4,5 | 3 | 3 |
| Internationalc,a,w,s | 2807 (572) | 2640 (466) | 1542 (299) | 2808 (688) | 3059 (783) |
| Elitec,a,w,s | 3431 (1010) | 2655 (335) | 1911 (272) | 3196 (482) | 2460 (347) |
| Communityi,e | 2851 (1008) | 2269 (626) | 1128 (142) | 1866 (647) | 1486 (203) |
| Academyi,e | 2065 (275) | 2225 (730) | 1197 (410) | 1959 (468) | 2002 (256) |
| Womeni,e | 1754 (275) | 1793 (380) | 788 (107) | 1523 (458) | 1554 (779) |
| Schooli,e | 1722 (624) | 1520 (315) | 928 (173) | 1500 (638) | 1404 (446) |
*Measures are reported as mean (SD).
Significant main effect (p<0.05) between playing levels (†) and pairwise comparisons are reported by the following convention: i= different from International; e= different from Elite; c= different from Community; a= different from Academy; w= different from Women; s= different from School.
Significant main effect (p<0.05) between engagement conditions (#) and pairwise comparisons are reported by the following convention: 1= different from CTPE; 2= different from CTS; 3= different from Fold-in; 4= different from 7+1; 5= different from 5+3.
CTPE, crouch–touch–pause–engage; CTS, crouch–touch–x–set (x, non-verbal pause).