Subgroup analyses of sedentary behaviour and depression risk
| Subgroup | Number of studies | RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Article included | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | p Value | ||||
| Adjustment for physical activity* | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.18) | 0 | 0.87 | 14 20 22 24 27 28 |
| No | 17 | 1.34 (1.22 to 1.48) | 33.7 | 0.09 | 9–13 15–19 21 23 25 26 |
| Study region | |||||
| Europe | 11 | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.25) | 0 | 0.76 | 9 10 13 15 18 20 26 27 |
| America | 7 | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.61) | 77.9 | 0 | 11 12 14 22–24 |
| Asia | 4 | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.53) | 58.5 | 0.07 | 16 17 21 25 |
| Australia | 2 | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.41) | 0 | 0.36 | 19 28 |
| Study design | |||||
| Cross-sectional | 13 | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.48) | 64.7 | 0 | 11 12 14 16–21 24 25 |
| Longitudinal | 11 | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.21) | 0 | 0.88 | 9 10 13 15 22 23 26–28 |
| Type of sedentary behaviour | |||||
| TV viewing | 5 | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21) | 0 | 0.83 | 16 19 22 23 27 |
| Computer or internet use | 12 | 1.22 (1.10 to 1.34) | 0 | 0.53 | 12 13 17 19 20 23 25 26 |
| Type of depression ascertainment | |||||
| Diagnosis† | 4 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.77) | 79.6 | 0 | 11 15 22 23 |
| Scales or questionnaires | 19 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | 37.7 | 0.05 | 9 10 12–14 16–21 24 26 |
*Whether adjustment for physical activity was found to influence between-study heterogeneity.
†Physician's diagnosis of depression or beginning regular use of antidepressant medication.