Study | Participants/mean duration of symptoms | Pathology | Reference standard | Reference standard SN/SP (95% CI) | Clinical test investigated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aprato et al65 | 41 participants (average age range 23–25 between surgical dislocation and arthroscopy groups; 17 females) NR | FAI | MRA 1.5 T; Cam: α angle >50°; local pincer: (+) crossover sign and (−) posterior wall sign and α angle <50°; pincer: (+) crossover and posterior wall signs or coxa profunda and α angle of <50°; mixed: local or global pincer associated with a cam | 100/100 (α angle) 91 (NR)/86 (NR) (ALT) | ▸ FADDIR test |
Ayeni et al80 | 76 consecutive prospectively enrolled participants/78 hips (mean age 38.3 years, 39 females) presenting to adult outpatient clinic over 3 month period. NR | FAI | MRI or MRA 1.5 T; α angle >55° and/or loss of femoral head–neck offset <9.0 mm | NR in study MRI (ALT): 70 (62 to 77)/82 (69 to 94) MRA (ALT): 83 (79 to 88)/57 (44 to 70)86 | ▸ Bilateral LE squat (maximum depth) |
Barton et al66 | 68 participants (age range 17 to 60 years, 37 females) from prospective database of all patients undergoing joint-preserving surgery and all having (+) MRA for ALT. NR | FAI | MRA 1.5 T; α angle>50.5° | NR in study MRA (ALT): 83 (79 to 88)/57 (44 to 70)86 | ▸ FADDIR test |
Beaule et al81 | 30 participants/36 hips (mean age 40.7 years, 36 hips, 13 females) with painful, non-dysplastic hips. >3 months | ALT | MRA 1.5 T | NR in study MRA (ALT): 83 (79 to 88)/57 (44 to 70)86 | ▸ FADDIR test |
Chan et al74 | 30 participants (mean age 41 years, 13 females) with unclear intra-articular hip pain. NR | ALT, AVN | MRA 1.5 T; Arthroscopy (n=17) | 97 (77 to 100)/25 (3 to 80)* | ▸ Flexion-IR test |
Domayer et al67 | 49 participants/60 hips (mean age 28±10.2 years, 29 females) with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of FAI NR | FAI | MRI 1.5 T; cam FAI=α angle >55° | NR in study MRI (ALT): 70 (62 to 77)/82 (69 to 94)(86) | ▸ FADDIR test |
Hananouchi et al75 | 69 participants/107 hips (83 painful hips, 24 non-painful hips) prospectively examined (mean age 57.2 years, 54 females) with various pathology NR | FAI, dysplasia | MRI 3 T; FAI: crossover sign, α angle >50°, aspherical femoral head, or CEA >40° Dysplasia: CEA <25° | NR in study MRI (0.5 to 3 T) (ALT) : 66 (59 to 73)/79 (67 to 91)86 | ▸ FADDIR test |
Keeney et al68 | 101 consecutive participants/102 hips (mean age 37.6 years, 71 females) with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of ALT. 21.6 months | Variable: ALT, chondral defect, synovitis | MRA 1.5 T | NR in study MRA (ALT): 83 (79 to 88)/57 (44 to 70)86 Arthroscopy NA | ▸ FADDIR test |
Laude et al69 | 97 subjects/100 hips (mean age 33.4 years, range 16 to 56 years, 47 females) with persistent hip pain NR | ALT | Arthroscopy | NA | ▸ FADDIR test |
Leunig et al76 | 23 participants (mean age 40±2 years, 14 females) with ARS 3.5 years | Variable: ALT, dysplasia, arthritic changes | Surgery | NA | ▸ FADDIR test |
Martin et al77 | 105 participants (mean age 42±15 years, 24 females) potential surgical candidates due to high suspicion of intra-articular pathology (from subjective history) 1.9 years | Variable: ALT, FAI, arthritic changes | Intra-articular Injection with < or >50% pain relief | NR in study | ▸ FABER test ▸ FADDIR test ▸ Trochanteric tenderness test |
Maslowski et al78 | 50 participants (mean age 60.2 years, 30 females) with signs/symptoms suggestive of intra-articular pathology NR | Variable: ALT, FAI, arthritic changes, AVN | Intra-articular injection with ≥80% pain relief | NR in study | ▸ FABER test ▸ Scour test ▸ IR with overpressure ▸ Resisted SLR test |
McCarthy and Busconi3 | 59 participants (mean age 37 years, 32 females) with refractory hip pain NR | ALT, synovitis, loose bodies, arthritic changes | Arthroscopy | NA | ▸ Thomas test |
Myrick and Nissen70 | 100 participants (age range 10–40 years, gender NR) with signs/symptoms suggestive of ALT NR | ALT | Arthroscopy | NA | ▸ THIRD test |
Narvani et al5 | 18 participants (mean age 30.5±8.5 years, 5 females) with groin pain NR | ALT | MRA 1.0 T | NR in study MRA (0.5 to 3 T) (ALT): 87 (84 to 90)/64 (54 to 74)86 | ▸ IR-flexion-axial compression test |
Nogier et al64 | 241 participants (mean age 35±10 years, 111 females) with mechanical hip pain All >4 months | Dysplasia, FAI | AP pelvic, false profile and lateral axial radiographs; arthroscan or arthro-MRI prescribed at investigator's discretion | NR in study | ▸ Flexion-IR test |
Peters et al71 | 94 participants/96 hips (mean age 28 years, 40 females) with signs/symptoms suggestive of FAI NR | FAI, articular cartilage lesions/arthritic changes | Open surgical dislocation | NA | ▸ FADDIR test |
Petersilge et al63 | 10 participants (mean age 38.4 years, 5 females) with unexplained intra-articular hip pain NR | ALT, dysplasia, ganglion cyst | Arthroscopy | NA | ▸ Flexion-IR test |
Sink et al72 | 35 participants (mean age 16 years, 30 females) with signs/symptoms suggestive of FAI 3 months to 3 years | Variable: ALT, FAI, cartilage damage | MRI/MRA, AP pelvic radiograph | NR in study MRI (0.5 to 3 T) (ALT) : 66 (59 to 73)/79 (67 to 91)86 | ▸ FADDIR test |
Troelsen et al79 | 18 participants (age range 32 to 56 years, 16 females) with previous PAO NR | Dysplasia, ALT | MRA | MRA (0.5 to 3 T) (ALT): 87 (84 to 90)/64 (54 to 74)86 | ▸ FABER test ▸ FADDIR test |
Wang et al73 | 21 participants (mean age 37.1 years, range 17 to 65 years, 12 females) with definite pain around hip joint, predominantly in the groin 12.4 months | ALT, FAI | Cross table and frog leg radiographs: cam FAI= α angle >50°; pincer=coxa profunda, cross-over sign or CEA >40° | NR in study | ▸ FADDIR test |
*Values calculated by authors of this study.
α, alpha angle; ARS, acetabular rim syndrome; AVN, avascular necrosis; CEA, center edge angle; Dx, diagnosis; FABER, flexion, abduction, external rotation test; FADDIR, flexion-adduction-internal rotation impingement test, IR, internal rotation; LE, lower extremity; MRA, MR angiogram; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; PAO, periacetabular osteotomy surgery.