Characteristics of included Studies (figures displayed as mean±SD unless otherwise stated)
| Authors, study design | level**; type of sporting activity | Hip/groin pain | Control | Diagnosis; duration of symptoms | Comparisons between case and control; SMD, MD or OR (95% confidence intervals) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Sex | Age | n | Sex | Age | ||||
| Pain provocation tests | |||||||||
| Jansen et al30 Case–control | A, case=soccer(75%), running (12%), other (13%); control=soccer (65%), running (13%), other (22%) | 42 | M | 26±8 | 23 | M | 24±5 | ARGP >6 weeks | ADD squeeze test*, active straight leg raise* |
| Taylor et al53 Cross-sectional cohort | P, AFL | 15 | M | 17±1 | 218 | M | 16±1 | Hip or groin injury, ND | ADD squeeze OR=3.47 (0.9–12.9) |
| Mens et al36 Case–control | A, case=soccer(70%), tennis (11%), other (19%), control= soccer(70%), tennis (9%), other (21%) | 38 | M | 31 | 38 | M | 32 | Groin pain >1 month | Active straight leg raise OR=56.64 (3.3–980.1), pelvic belt OR=187.21 (10.8–3257.8) |
| 6 | F | 28–35† | 6 | F | 30–35† | ||||
| Verrall et al16 Cross-sectional cohort | P, AFL | 47 | M | ND | 42 | M | ND | Chronic groin injury >6 weeks | ADD squeeze OR=5.02 (1.7–15.1), single adductor OR=4.03 (1.2–13.5), bilateral adductor OR=24.76 (5.4–114.6) |
| Range of motion | |||||||||
| Nevin and Delahunt5 Case–control | ND, Gaelic football | 18 | M | 24±3 | 18 | M | 24±4 | ARGP >6 weeks | IR=−0.82 (−1.5 to −0.1)*; SMD ER=−0.57 (−1.2–0.1)*; SMD BKFO=0.9 (0.2–1.6)*; SMD |
| Taylor et al53 Cross-sectional cohort | P, AFL | 15 | M | 17±1 | 218 | M | 16±1 | Hip or groin injury, ND | IR=−0.37 (−0.9–0.2)*; SMD ER=0.06 (−0.5, 0.6); SMD |
| Malliaras et al15 Case–control | P, AFL | 10 | M | 17±2 | 19 | M | 17±1 | ARGP >6 weeks | IR=−0.02 (−0.8–0.8); SMD BKFO=0.56 (−0.2–1.4)*; SMD ER=−0.17 (−0.9–0.6); SMD |
| Verrall et al33 Cross-sectional cohort | P, AFL | 47 | M | ND | 42 | M | ND | Chronic groin injury >6 weeks | IR=−0.39 (−0.8–0); SMD ER=−2.55 (−4.8–0.3); MD (degrees) |
| Siebenrock et al35 Cross-sectional cohort | P, ice hockey | 15 | M | 19 | 62 | M | 14 | Hip pain within past 6 months | IR=−0.85 (−1.4 to −0.3)*; SMD |
| 11–36† | 9–34† | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Malliaras et al15 Case–control | P, AFL | 10 | M | 17±2 | 19 | M | 17±1 | ARGP >6 weeks | ADD squeeze strength=−0.73 (−1.5–0.1)*; SMD ABD strength=−0.25 (−2–1.9); MD (N) |
| Mens et al36 Case–control | A, case=soccer(70%), tennis (11%), other (19%), control= soccer(70%), tennis (9%), other (21%) | 38 | M | 31 | 38 | M | 32 | Groin pain >1 month | ADD squeeze strength=−2.31 (−2.9 to -1.8)*; SMD |
| 6 | F | 28–35† | 6 | F | 30–35† | ||||
| Nevin and Delahunt5 Case–control | ND, Gaelic football | 18 | M | 24±3 | 18 | M | 24±4 | ARGP >6 weeks | ADD squeeze strength=−2.06 (−2.9 to −1.2)*; SMD |
| Jansen et al30 Case–control | A, case=soccer(75%), running (12%), other (13%); control=soccer (65%), running (13%), other (22%) | 42 | M | 26±8 | 23 | M | 24±5 | ARGP >6 weeks | ADD squeeze strength=−0.54 (−1.06 to −0.02) *; SMD |
| Mohammad et al51 Case–control | ND, soccer | 20 | M | 20±4 | 20 | M | 21±3 | Osteitis pubis, ND | ABD=−8.52 (−24.5–7.5), MD (Nm/kg) ADD=−0.24 (−17.4–7.6), MD (Nm/kg) Flex=38.85 (21.4–56.3)*, MD (Nm/kg) Ext=11.79 (−1.5–25), MD (Nm/kg) Ratios; ADD/ABD=0.06 (−0.5–0.6), Flex/Ext=0.18 (−0.8–1.2)* |
| Trunk muscle function | |||||||||
| Cowan et al31 Case–control | A and P, AFL | 10 | M | 26±7 | 12 | M | 25±6 | ARGP >6 weeks | TA=−30 (−38.4 to −21.6)*, OE=4 (−6.1–14.1) MD's (ms) OI=−1.1 (−7.9–5.7), RA=3.5 (−2.9–9.9); MD's (ms) |
| Sayed Mohammad et al50 Case–control | ND, soccer | 25 | M | 20±4 | 25 | M | 21±3 | Osteitis pubis, ND | Abdominals conc=1.78 (−9–12.5), ecc=−37.24 (−44.5 to −30)*; MD's (Nm/kg); back conc=−81.99 (−96.9 to −67.1)*, ecc=9.24 (−1.8–20.3); MD's (Nm/kg); Ratio abdominals/back conc=0.41 (−0.1–0.9)*, ecc=−0.28 (−0.7–0.1) |
| Jansen et al30 Case–control | A, case=soccer(75%), running (12%), other (13%); control=soccer (65%), running (13%), other (22%) | 42 | M | 26±8 | 23 | M | 24±5 | ARGP >6 weeks | TA thinner at rest in groin pain group* no significant difference; OI at rest, TA or OI with tasks |
| Radiological | |||||||||
| Besjakov et al39 Case–control | case=ND, soccer (85%), other (15%); control=ND,ND | 20 | M | 26 | 20 | M | age-matched | Groin pain, >3 months | Case; 9/20 slight, 9/20 intermediate, 2/20 advanced abnormalities. Control; 3/20 none, 17/20 slight abnormalities of pubic bone on X-ray |
| 19–35† | |||||||||
| Paajanen et al40 Case–control | ND, case=soccer (81%), other (19%), control=soccer (50%), ice hockey (50%) | 14 | M | 30±8, | 20 | M | 23±4 | Osteitis pubis >3 months | Pubic bone oedema OR=8.08 (0.9–74.6) |
| 2 | F | 22±11 | |||||||
| Verrall et al32 Case–control | P, AFL players and umpires | 52 | M | ND | 54 | M | ND | Osteitis pubis, ND | Pubic bone oedema OR=8.10 (2.8–23.5) |
| Cunningham et al38 Case–control | case=A and P, soccer; control=ND, soccer (50%), rowers (50%) | 95 | M | 27 | 100 | ND | 23 | Osteitis pubis, Mean of 3 months | Pubic bone oedema OR=1936 (111–33 733) Secondary cleft sign OR=1423 (83–24 384) |
| 5 | F | 17–38† | 18–28† | ||||||
| Brennan et al37 Case–control | case=ND, soccer (83%), and rugby (17%); control=A, rowers | 18 | M | 24 | 70 | M | Groin injury, Mean of 3 months | Secondary cleft sign OR=271 (14–5122) | |
| 24 | |||||||||
| 19–32† | 17–34† | ||||||||
| Siebenrock et al35 Cross-sectional cohort | P, ice hockey | 15 | M | 19 | 62 | M | 14 | Hip pain within past 6 months | α Angle MD’s (degrees); 9 o’clock=-1.8 (−3–0.4), 10 o’clock=−0.8 (−3.1–1.5), 11 o'clock=2.3 (−3.9–8.5), 12 o’clock=6.1(−1.1–13.3)*, 1 o’clock=9.8 (2.2–17.4)*, 2 o’clock=9.2 (2.2–16.2)*, 3 o’clock=1.7 (−2.5–5.9) |
| 11–36† | 9–34† | ||||||||
| Other | |||||||||
| Bedi et al52 Case–control | ND, ‘physically active’ subjects | 10 | M | 23±6 | 19 | M | 22±3 | FAI, ND | COMP=48.00 μg/L (−9.1–105.1)*; MD CRP=2.4 mg/L (0.9–3.9)*; MD |
*Statistically significant difference.
†Range.
**Level: A, amateur; AFL, Australian Rules Football; ND, not described; P, professional/elite.
ABD, Hip abduction; ADD, Hip adduction; ARGP, adductor related groin pain; BKFO, bent knee fall out; COMP, Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; CRP, C reactive protein; ER, hip external rotation; Ext, hip extension; F, Female; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; Flex, hip flexion; IR, hip internal rotation; M, Male; MD, mean difference; N, Newton; OE, obliquus externus; OI, obliquus internus; RA, rectus abdominus; ROM, range of motion; SMD, standardised mean difference; TA, transversus abdominus; US, ultrasound.