Risk factors for wrist pain
| Study information | Study population | Exposure | Outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (year), country | Design | Sample size (F, M), mean age in years | Sport, level | Hours practice per week | Cumulative exposure×1000 h (SD) (P) | Factor definition and type of measurement | Outcome definition and measurement | Multivariate analysis (constant, r2, coefficient β) | Adjusted OR | Other findings | Quality score |
| DiFiori et al16 (1996), USA | Retrospective | 52 (32 F, 20 M), 11.8 Gender subgroup ages: F, 12.3 (SD 2.0); M, 10.9 (SD 3.3) | Gymnastics, of beginning (17), middle (12), advanced (3) and elite (0) levels | All levels: F, 13.4 (SD 5.0); M, 9.6 (SD 4.7) Advanced: F, 18.2 (SD 0.3); M, 14.0 (SD 1.4) Middle: F, 16.2 (SD 3.6); M, 12.8 (SD 2.3) Beginning: F, 10.5 (SD 4.6); M, 5.4 (SD 3.3) | WP group: 2.3 (SD 1.3) No WP group: 1.3 (SD 1.4) (p=0.031) | Age (>10 years, <14 years) Intensity; intensity factor=(hours per week)×(competitive level) Age of initiation of training | Wrist pain within past 6 months, measured through survey* | Constant=-11.64 (p=0.008) r2=0.052 Age >10 years: b=2.79 (p=0.018) Age <14 years: b=5.34 (p=0.016) Age training began: b=0.68 (p=0.020) Intensity: b=0.17 (p=0.036) | Age >10 years: 16.3† Age <14 years: 208.5† Age training began: 1.97† Intensity: 1.2† Age 10–14 years: 11.5† | Sex associated with wrist pain: 87.5% wrist pain in F, 50% wrist pain in M (p=0.0025) Wrist pain most frequently associated with floor exercise (24 F (85.7%), 9 M (90%)), pommel horse (6 M (60%)), balance beam (15 F (53.6%)) Wrist pain group more exposure hours (p=0.031) but not more years training | Low |
*Type of survey (eg, written questionnaire or interview) not specified.
†Adjusted OR calculated from the published data.
F, female; M, male; WP, wrist pain.