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Effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled 30-month intervention

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Abstract

Evidence of the effect of exercise on bone loss comes mainly from studies in voluntary postmenopausal women, and no population-based, long-term interventions have been performed. The purpose of this population-based, randomized, controlled trial was to determine the effect of long-term impact exercise on bone mass at various skeletal sites in elderly women with low bone mineral density (BMD) at the radius and hip. Participants ( n =160) were randomly assigned to 30 months either of supervised and home-based impact exercise training or of no intervention. The primary outcome measures were femoral neck, trochanter and total hip BMD, and the secondary outcomes were bone density measures at the radius and calcaneum. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12 months and 30 months using blinded operators. The analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat analysis. Mean femoral neck and trochanter BMD decreased in the control group [−1.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.1% to −2.1% and −1.6%, 95% CI −0.4% to −2.7%], while no change occurred in the exercise group. Mean trochanter BMC decreased more in the control group (−7.7%, 95% CI −9.7% to −5.6% vs. −2.9%, 95% CI −5.3 to −0.9). There were six falls that resulted in fractures in the exercise group and 16 in the control group during the 30-month intervention ( P =0.019). A significant bone loss occurred in both groups at the radius and calcaneum. In multivariate analysis, weight gain was associated with increased BMD and BMC at all femur sites both in the exercise group and in the pooled groups. In conclusion, impact exercise had no effect on BMD, while there was a positive effect on BMC at the trochanter. Exercise may prevent fall-related fractures in elderly women with low bone mass.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the University of Oulu, Finland, the Deaconess Institute of Oulu, Finland, the Juho Vainio Foundation, Finland, the Miina Sillanpää Foundation, Finland and the Research Foundation of Orion Corporation, Finland. The sponsors of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sports Medicine, Deaconess Institute of Oulu, Isokatu 43, 90100, Oulu, Finland

    Raija Korpelainen

  2. Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Raija Korpelainen & Juha Korpelainen

  3. Clinic of Osteoporosis, Deaconess Institute of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Jorma Heikkinen

  4. Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Kalervo Väänänen

  5. Department of Public Health and General Practice, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Raija Korpelainen & Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi

  6. Oulu Health Center, Oulu, Finland

    Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi

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  1. Raija Korpelainen
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  2. Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
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Correspondence to Raija Korpelainen.

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Korpelainen, R., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Heikkinen, J. et al. Effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women with low BMD: a population-based randomized controlled 30-month intervention. Osteoporos Int 17, 109–118 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-1924-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-1924-2

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