Influence of 12 weeks of training by brisk walking on postprandial lipemia and insulinemia in sedentary middle-aged women

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90172-8

Metabolism

Volume 44, Issue 3, March 1995, Pages 390-397

https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(95)90172-8 Get rights and content

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of brisk walking on postprandial lipemia in 26 sedentary women aged 41 to 55 years. The lipemic response to a high-fat meal (mean ± SEM: 73.8 ± 1.3 g fat, 66% energy; 81.8 ± 1.4 g carbohydrate) was determined pretraining and posttraining. Blood samples were obtained in the fasted state and hourly for 6 hours after the meal. Serum was analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL₂ cholesterol, apolipoproteins (apos) A-I and B, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, and insulin. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: walkers (n = 13) followed a program of brisk walking (average of 21 ± 1 [range, 17 to 27] min · d⁻¹ at 1.76 ± 0.02 m · s⁻¹), whereas controls (n = 13) maintained their habitual life-style. Procedures were repeated 12 weeks later, with 48 hours between the last training session and determination of postprandial lipemia. Eleven walkers and 13 controls completed the study. Responses over time were compared between groups (Mann-Whitney U, P < .05). Brisk walking improved endurance fitness and decreased body fatness, but had no influence on peak TAG concentration (walkers, 1.6 ± 0.2 v 1.6 ± 0.2 mmol · L⁻¹; controls, 1.9 ± 0.3 v 2.1 ± 0.3) or the area under the TAG/time curve after the test meal. The area under the insulin/time curve decreased in walkers relative to controls. These results suggest that in sedentary women aged 41 to 55, brisk walking attenuates the serum insulin response, but not the lipemic response, to consumption of a high-fat mixed meal when these responses are determined 48 hours after the last exercise bout.

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In addition, the present study found that there was no association between changes in postprandial TG concentration and changes in physical activity time (range: −34 to 40 min per day) when these responses were determined 24 h after the last physical activity bout. This finding supports the findings of previous studies examining the chronic (≥4 weeks) effect of structured exercise training on postprandial TG concentrations.8–11,13,14 Furthermore, our findings support the importance of increased “frequent” physical activity in daily life for gaining the postprandial TG lowering effects.
This study examined the chronic effect of increased physical activity on postprandial triglycerides in older women.
Twenty-six women, aged 72 ± 5 years (mean ± SD), participated in this study. Participants in the physical activity group (n = 11) were asked to increase their activities above their usual lifestyle levels for 12 weeks. Participants in the control group (n = 15) maintained their usual lifestyle for 12 weeks. All participants rested and consumed a standardized breakfast after a 24-h period of physical activity avoidance at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected in the fasted state (0 h) and at 2, 4, and 6 h after breakfast.
The average increased time spent in self-selected activities per day was 1.1 ± 19.3 min over the 12 weeks compared with the baseline in the physical activity group. There was no difference in the postprandial time-averaged triglyceride area under the curve at baseline (1.59 ± 0.81 vs. 1.39 ± 0.67 mmol/L, p = 0.515) or over the 12-week intervention (1.78 ± 1.00 vs. 1.31 ± 0.67 mmol/L, p = 0.212) between the physical activity and control groups.
Postprandial triglyceride concentrations were not reduced after performing self-selected activities under free-living conditions in older women when these responses were determined 24 h after the last physical activity bout. (Trial registration ID: UMIN000037420).
Establishing a proof of concept for the effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD) and physical activity on body composition in type 2 diabetes
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The lack of improvement in WHR in the present study, as a proxy for intra-abdominal fat (Gadekar et al., 2017) could demonstrate a lack of improvement in insulin resistance (Alfred et al., 1995) in this study's sample of overweight and obese type 2 diabetics. However, it must be noted that WHR may not reflect visceral fat, which is the more important indicator of insulin resistance (Alfred et al., 1995). This study's finding regarding a lack of change in WHR is in line with Gardner et al. (2007) who found no significant change in WHR following a 12-month high-fat diet.
Overweight and obesity are both a risk factor for developing and exacerbating type 2 diabetes (T2D). While the most common diet used to treat overweight and obesity focus on high-carbohydrate, low-fat, energy deficit diets, recently, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHFD) have become popular in targeting obesity. This proof-of-concept study attempted to determine if an LCHFD could improve body composition variables, or if a concurrent treatment of LCHFD and physical activity would create an interference effect in individuals with T2D. Overweight and obese with T2D (n = 39) were assigned into either a 16-week combined physical activity and LCHFD group (ConG), LCHFD-only group (DieG) or control group (NonG). No statistically significant (p > 0.01) changes were found in body mass in the ConG (2.0%, F = 0.039, P = 0.846) and DieG (2.5%, F = 0.188, P = 0.669); for body mass index in the ConG (2.2%, F = 0.046, P = 0.832) and DieG (2.3%, F = 0.098, P = 0.758.); and waist-to-hip ratio in the ConG (0%, F = 0.002, P = 0.968) and DieG (0%, F = 0.023, P = 0.882). However, clinically significant changes were observed in HbA1c in the ConG male group (23% decrease); percentage body fat for the ConG (16.7%, F = 1.682, P = 0.208, g = 0.534) and DieG (13.0%, F = 0.638, P = 0435, g = 0.361); for waist circumferences in the ConG (5.4%, F = 0.686, P = 0.416, g = 0.341) and DieG (6.3%, F = 1.327, P = 0.264, g = 0.520); and for hip circumference in the ConG (5.8%, F = 0.993, P = 0.329, g = 0.410) and DieG (7.0%, F = 2.668, P = 0.119, g = 0.737). Results indicate that moderate clinically significant changes in body composition are achievable with LCHFD and/or daily walking in obese adults living with T2D. However, more robust research is required to determine the effects of LCHFD, with or without concurrent physical activity, on obesity and other diabetic complication markers.
The effect of walking on risk factors for cardiovascular disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials
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The funnel plot showed some asymmetry indicating an absence of smaller studies (Egger's test, p = 0.02). Waist-to-hip ratio was an outcome in eleven trials (Aldred et al., 1995; Baker et al., 2008; Bell et al., 2010; Brandon and Elliott-Lloyd, 2006; Murphy et al., 2006; Ready et al., 1995, 1996; Stensel et al., 1994; Tully et al., 2005, 2007; Woolf-May et al., 2011) and a further three trials gave enough information for this outcome to be approximated (Anderson et al., 2006; Murtagh et al., 2005; Serwe et al., 2011). A small non-significant reduction in waist-to-hip ratio of 0.01 (95% CI − 0.02 to 0.00) was found.
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials that examined the effect of walking on risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Four electronic databases and reference lists were searched (Jan 1971–June 2012). Two authors identified randomised control trials of interventions ≥ 4 weeks in duration that included at least one group with walking as the only treatment and a no-exercise comparator group. Participants were inactive at baseline. Pooled results were reported as weighted mean treatment effects and 95% confidence intervals using a random effects model.
32 articles reported the effects of walking interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Walking increased aerobic capacity (3.04 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 2.48 to 3.60) and reduced systolic (− 3.58 mm Hg, 95% CI − 5.19 to − 1.97) and diastolic (− 1.54 mm Hg, 95% CI − 2.83 to − 0.26) blood pressure, waist circumference (− 1.51 cm, 95% CI − 2.34 to − 0.68), weight (− 1.37 kg, 95% CI − 1.75 to − 1.00), percentage body fat (− 1.22%, 95% CI − 1.70 to − 0.73) and body mass index (− 0.53 kg/m², 95% CI − 0.72 to − 0.35) but failed to alter blood lipids.
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^☆: Supported by the British Heart Foundation.

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Influence of 12 weeks of training by brisk walking on postprandial lipemia and insulinemia in sedentary middle-aged women☆

Abstract

Am J Clin Nutr

Atherosclerosis

Biochim Biophys Acta

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Metabolism

J Lipid Res

Clin Chim Acta

J Lipid Res

Am J Cardiol

J Lipid Res

The influence of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in health and disease

Acta Med Scand

Post-prandial lipemia: A key for the conversion of high density lipoprotein2 into high density lipoprotein3 by hepatic lipase

J Clin Invest

Effects of endurance training on muscle fibre ATP-ase activity, capillary supply and mitochondrial content in man

J Physiol (Lond)

Atherogenesis: A postprandial phenomenon

Circulation

Comparison of cholesteryl ester transfer from chylomicrons and other plasma lipoproteins to aorta intima-media of cholesterol-fed rabbit

Arteriosclerosis

Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normolipemic men with and without coronary artery disease

Arterioscler Thromb

Exercise in leisure time: Coronary attack and death rates

Br Heart J

Changes in blood chemistries following a controlled exercise program

J Occup Med

Effect of physical training upon postprandial lipemia in men with abnormal responses to the oral fat tolerance test

J Sports Med

Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduced fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels

Circulation

Non-fasting serum triglyceride concentration and mortality from coronary heart disease and any cause in middle aged Norwegian women

Br Med J

Post-prandial lipemia: A key for the conversion of high density lipoprotein₂ into high density lipoprotein₃ by hepatic lipase