Relationship between selected static an dynamic lower extremity measures

doi:10.1016/0268-0033(89)90006-5

Clinical Biomechanics

Volume 4, Issue 4, November 1989, Pages 217-225

https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(89)90006-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

Twenty-four non-symptomatic subjects were recruited for this study. They were evaluated for foot-type and selected static parameters to determine their influence on kinematic and kinetic variables measured during barefoot overground walking. Foot-type and lower extremity characteristics were examined through the measurement of arch index, range of motion measurements of the ankle, subtalar, first metatarsal and hip joints, and the measurement of the orientation of the calcaneus and tibia. Measurements collected during the support phase of the gait cycle included kinetic measures via a force platform, kinematic measures of the knee joint using a three-dimensional electrogoniometer and kinematic measures of the rearfoot angle using a high speed motion camera. Angle of gait and step parameters were also measured utilizing an inked paper track system. Using the static evaluation measures to predict dynamic gait resulted in significant canonical correlations between first ray mobility and rotational values at the knee, first ray mobility and anteroposterior ground reaction force variables, and static hip internal-external rotation with varus-vaigus motion at the knee. The results suggest that static lower extremity measures have limited value in predicting dynamic lower extremity function to any great degree.

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Cited by (121)

A step towards dynamic foot classification: Functional grouping using ankle joint frontal plane motion in running
2022, Gait and Posture
The premise behind static foot classification suggests structure dictate’s function. However, the validity of this has been challenged, as weak association between static foot type and dynamic motion exists. This has led to calls for dynamic assessments and classification of feet based on functional motion, yet methods to do this have been seldom explored.
Within a group of runners do homogenous sub-groups of ankle joint complex (AJC) frontal plane motion exist?
A k means clustering analysis was conducted on the frontal plane AJC motion patterns of a group of healthy adults running barefoot (n = 42) to identify functional movement groups. Once identified, statistical parametric mapping was employed to determine the differences between clusters across stance. The identified clusters were used to determine dynamic foot type; an agreement analysis was conducted between the newly defined foot types and the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6).
Two distinct clusters were identified. Waveform analysis identified that cluster 1 displayed significantly (p < 0.001) less AJC eversion between 0% and 97% of the stance phase compared to cluster 2, with the differences between clusters associated with large effect sizes (g > 1). Based on the displayed kinematic profiles, cluster 1 was defined as a Neutral Dynamic Foot Type (Neutral_DFT), and cluster 2 a Pronated Dynamic Foot Type (Pronated Dynamic_DFT). The newly defined foot type measure had only a slight agreement (κ = 0.08) with the FPI-6.
We demonstrated a protocol to classify a runner’s foot type derived directly from AJC motion during running. Poor agreement between the dynamic and static classification measures further evidence that these assessments are not analogous. Our results question the validity of static classification when looking to characterise the foot during running, suggesting dynamic assessments are more appropriate to reflect the foots functional response.
Arthroscopic anterior talofibular ligament reconstructin in chronic ankle instability: Two years results
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In chronic lateral ankle instability, primary ligament repair is not always possible because of poor quality of the local tissues. A free autologous or allograft tendon graft or synthetic grafts are suitable alternative. We describe middle term results of arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) using a free autologous ipsilateral gracilis graft in patients with chronic ankle instability.
Eleven patients with chronic lateral ankle instability with imaging evidence of isolated ATFL tear underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of the ATFL using a free ipsilateral gracilis graft. Functional and subjective assessment were performed after an average of 24 months following the index procedure.
At 24 months, all patients showed objective improvements. One patient reported transient dysaesthesiae on the dorsolateral aspect of the foot and heel.
Arthroscopic isolated reconstruction of the ATFL with a free ipsilateral gracilis grafts is safe, allowing restoration of joint stability and low surgical morbidity.
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The effects of small and large varus alignment of the foot-ankle complex on lower limb kinematics and kinetics during walking: A cross-sectional study
2020, Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
The alignment of the foot-ankle complex may influence the kinematics and kinetics of the entire lower limb during walking.
This study investigated the effect of different magnitudes of varus alignment of the foot-ankle complex (small versus large) on the kinematics and kinetics of foot, ankle, knee, and hip in the frontal and transverse planes during walking.
Cross-sectional study.
Foot-ankle complex alignment in the frontal plane was measured as the angle between the metatarsal heads and the inferior edge of the examination table, measured with the volunteer in prone maintaining the ankle at 0° in the sagittal plane. The participants (n = 28) were divided into two groups according to their alignment angles. The first group had values equal to or inferior to the 45 percentile, and the second group had values equal to or above the 55 percentile. The lower limb kinematics and kinetics were evaluated with the participant walking at self-select speed in an instrumented treadmill.
The group of large varus alignment showed significantly higher (p < 0.03) forefoot inversion angle at initial contact, amplitude of rearfoot-shank eversion, and peak of inversion ankle moment. There were no differences (p > 0.05) between the groups for knee and hip amplitudes and moments in the frontal and transverse planes. The durations of rearfoot-shank eversion, knee abduction, knee medial rotation, hip adduction, and hip medial rotation were not different between groups (p > 0.05).
Large varus alignment of the foot-ankle complex may increase the magnitude of foot pronation and ankle inversion moment during walking.
The clinical measure of forefoot-shank alignment partially reflects mechanical properties of the midfoot joint complex
2019, Musculoskeletal Science and Practice
The clinical measure of forefoot-shank alignment (FSA) predicts the amount of foot pronation during weight-bearing tasks. This may be mediated by a relationship between FSA and the mechanical resistance of the midfoot joint complex (MFJC) to forefoot inversion, which is a component of weight-bearing foot pronation.
To investigate if the clinical measure of FSA is associated with MFJC mechanical resistance to inversion.
Cross-sectional observational study.
Forty-six healthy individuals (27 males; 19 females) with mean age of 26.4 years (SD 5.3) participated in this study. FSA was measured with photographs. The resistance torque of the MFJC against inversion was measured with a specially designed device. Mean torque, mean torque normalized by body mass, and joint resting position were calculated as variables related to MFJC mechanical resistance. Correlation analyses were carried out to test the association between each MFJC resistance variable and the FSA (α = 0.05).
/findings: There were significant moderate correlations of FSA with mean torque (r = −0.44, p = 0.002), mean normalized torque (r = −0.42, p = 0.004) and resting position (r = 0.39, p = 0.007). The clinical measure of FSA is associated to the mechanical resistance of the MFJC: (a) the greater the FSA, the smaller the resistance torques; (b) the greater the FSA, the more inverted the forefoot resting position.
These results showed that the clinical measure of FSA is moderately related to mechanical properties of the MFJC.
Graduated Loading Program
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Clinical measures of hip and foot-ankle mechanics as predictors of rearfoot motion and posture
2014, Manual Therapy
Health professionals are frequently interested in predicting rearfoot pronation during weight-bearing activities. Previous inconsistent results regarding the ability of clinical measures to predict rearfoot kinematics may have been influenced by the neglect of possible combined effects of alignment and mobility at the foot–ankle complex and by the disregard of possible influences of hip mobility on foot kinematics. The present study tested whether using a measure that combines frontal-plane bone alignment and mobility at the foot–ankle complex and a measure of hip internal rotation mobility predicts rearfoot kinematics, in walking and upright stance. Twenty-three healthy subjects underwent assessment of forefoot–shank angle (which combines varus bone alignments at the foot–ankle complex with inversion mobility at the midfoot joints), with a goniometer, and hip internal rotation mobility, with an inclinometer. Frontal-plane kinematics of the rearfoot was assessed with a three-dimensional system, during treadmill walking and upright stance. Multivariate linear regressions tested the predictive strength of these measures to inform about rearfoot kinematics. The measures significantly predicted (p ≤ 0.041) mean eversion–inversion position, during walking (r² = 0.40) and standing (r² = 0.31), and eversion peak in walking (r² = 0.27). Greater values of varus alignment at the foot–ankle complex combined with inversion mobility at the midfoot joints and greater hip internal rotation mobility are related to greater weight-bearing rearfoot eversion. Each measure (forefoot–shank angle and hip internal rotation mobility) alone and their combination partially predicted rearfoot kinematics. These measures may help detecting foot–ankle and hip mechanical variables possibly involved in an observed rearfoot motion or posture.

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Original articleRelationship between selected static an dynamic lower extremity measures

Abstract

J Biomech

Human Movement Sci

J Biomech

J Biomech

An evaluation of the effects of orthotics on pressure distribution and rearfoot movement during running

A comparison of ground reaction forces during walking barefoot and in shoes

The effects of heel height, flare and midsole softness upon rearfoot control in running

Med Sci Sports Exer

Motor development during infancy and childhood

A compendium of podiatric biomechanics

The foot book

An assessment of altered mechanics in the foot metatarsus primus varus

Force and motion analysis of the normal, diseased and prosthetic ankle joint

Clin Orthop

Original article
Relationship between selected static an dynamic lower extremity measures