Research and professional briefsIncreasing fluid milk favorably affects bone mineral density responses to resistance training in adolescent boys☆
Section snippets
Methods
A two-group prospective study design involving 12 weeks of resistance training was used to examine the effects of increasing milk consumption on bone responses in adolescent boys. Anthropometric measures, body composition, bone density, dietary intakes, and performance measures were assessed at zero, six, and 12 weeks. All subjects and a parent were informed of the purpose and possible risks of this investigation prior to signing an informed consent document approved by the Institutional Review
Results
Compared with the juice group, the milk group had significantly higher intakes of protein, fat, vitamins A and D, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and lower intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin C (Table 1). There were significant main time effects for height (+0.8 cm), biceps circumference (0.8 cm), and Σskin folds (−9 mm). There were significant main time effects but no group effects for all measures of body composition, bone, and maximal strength. The only variable that changed
Discussion
This was the first study to examine the effect of increasing milk and juice consumption during resistance training in adolescent boys. A primary finding was that 12 weeks of resistance training increased whole-body BMD to a greater extent in boys who added to their diet three additional servings of milk/day compared with a juice group. The increase in BMD was two-fold greater in the milk vs the juice group (0.028 and 0.014 g/cm2, respectively). Because a control “non-training” group was not
Applications
- ■
Increasing milk vs juice intake resulted in significantly greater increases in whole-body BMD, emphasizing the potential importance of calcium and perhaps other nutrients in milk in optimizing bone development in physically active adolescent boys. The physiologic importance of these changes later in life cannot be determined from this study but could protect against risk of osteoporosis and fracture in susceptible individuals (33). These data indicate that adequate milk intake should be
J. S. Volek is an assistant professor, A. L. Gómez, M. J. Sharman, D. N. French, M. R. Rubin, and N. A. Ratamess are graduate research associates, and W. J. Kraemer is a professor with the Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. T. P. Scheett is an assistant professor in the Laboratory for Applied Physiology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS. M. M. McGuigan is an assistant professor in the Department of Exercise and
References (33)
- et al.
Predictors of milk consumption in a population of 17- to 35-year-old military personnel
J Am Diet Assoc
(1999) - et al.
Estimated dietary calcium intake and food sources for adolescent females1980–1992
J Adolesc Health
(1997) Calcium absorption efficiency and calcium requirements in children and adolescents
Am J Clin Nutr
(1991)Calcium metabolism and calcium requirements during skeletal modeling and consolidation of bone mass
Am J Clin Nutr
(1991)- et al.
Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls
J Pediatr
(1995) - et al.
Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women
Am J Clin Nutr
(1999) - et al.
Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health
Am J Clin Nutr
(2002) Changing eating and physical activity patterns of US children
Proc Nutr Soc
(2000)- et al.
Beverage choices affect adequacy of children’s nutrient intakes
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
(2000) NIH Consensus Statement. Optimal calcium intake
(1994)
Calcium requirements for growthare current recommendations adequate?
Nutr Rev
Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girlsrandomized, controlled intervention trial
Br Med J
The effect of calcium supplementation and Tanner stage on bone density, content and area in teenage women
Osteoporos Int
Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girlsa randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
J Clin Invest
A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children
Br J Nutr
Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children
N Engl J Med
Cited by (65)
Role of dairy foods in sport nutrition
2021, Dairy Foods: Processing, Quality, and Analytical TechniquesThe effect of increasing dairy calcium intake of adolescent girls on changes in body fat and weight
2017, American Journal of Clinical NutritionA critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents
2019, Nutrition Research ReviewsDairy products and bone health: How strong is the scientific evidence?
2018, Nutrition Research ReviewsResistance training effects on pubertal children with a risk of developing pediatric dynapenia
2024, European Journal of Applied Physiology
J. S. Volek is an assistant professor, A. L. Gómez, M. J. Sharman, D. N. French, M. R. Rubin, and N. A. Ratamess are graduate research associates, and W. J. Kraemer is a professor with the Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. T. P. Scheett is an assistant professor in the Laboratory for Applied Physiology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS. M. M. McGuigan is an assistant professor in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI. At the time of data collection, all authors were associated with The Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
- ☆
This study was supported by a grant from the National Dairy Council.