ReviewEffects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Disease
Section snippets
Lipoproteins
The association between serum cholesterol and CVD outcomes is well documented in the published research.1 In particular, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and apolipoprotein B have been correlated with the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and CVD-related events.1, 2 Early in atherogenesis, proteoglycans within arterial walls are thought to bind LDL, which subsequently results in local inflammation and the initiation of a complex pathway toward atherogenesis.1 Therefore, reductions in
Calcification
Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is an atherosclerotic marker that is strongly linked to risk of future CVD events in adult men and women.61 Over the past decade, numerous trials have identified associations between CAC and each of physical activity, exercise intensity, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Bishop et al62 found self-reported physical activity to be independently, inversely associated with CAC in type 1 diabetics. Moreover, several investigators have noted a graded correlation between
Current Recommendations
The American Heart Association currently recommends ≥30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week for primary prevention of CVD and stroke.85 The American Heart Association defines moderate activity as 40% to 60% of maximum capacity or the equivalent of brisk walking at 15 to 20 min/mi. A meta-analysis of 33 studies performed since 1995 found that subjects who engaged in the equivalent of 150 min/week of moderate-intensity activity had a 14% lower risk for coronary heart
References (89)
Lipoproteins: mechanisms for atherogenesis and progression of atherothrombotic disease
- et al.
Effect of prolonged exercise training without weight loss on high density lipoprotein metabolism in overweight men
Metabolism
(1997) - et al.
Exercise Training Intervention After Coronary Angioplasty: the ETICA trial
J Am Coll Cardiol
(2001) - et al.
Long-term changes in exercise capacity, quality of life, body antrhopometry, and lipid profiles after a cardiac rehabilitation program in obese patients with coronary heart disease
Am J Cardiol
(2003) - et al.
Differences in the concentration and composition of low-density lipoprotein subfraction particles between sedentary and trained hypercholesterolemic men
Metabolism
(1997) - et al.
The effects of weight loss by exercise or by dieting on plasma high-density lipoprotein levels in men with low, intermediate, and normal-to-high HDL at baseline
Metabolism
(1994) - et al.
Blood lipid response to 20 weeks of supervised exercise in a large biracial population: the HERITAGE Family Study
Metab Clin Exp
(2000) - et al.
C-reactive protein is inversely related to physical fitness in middle-aged subjects
Atherosclerosis
(2004) - et al.
Correlation of exercise capacity with high-sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Am Heart J
(2005) - et al.
Exercise training for intermittent claudication: does it adversely affect biochemical markers of the exercise-induced inflammatory response?
Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg
(1997)