Original ArticleSocial and psychological factors influenced the course of arm, neck and shoulder complaints
Introduction
Different terms are used in the literature to describe pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities, for example repetitive strain injury, occupational overuse syndrome, cumulative trauma disorder, or work-related upper extremity disorders [1], [2], [3]. In the literature, the use of this terminology is not consistent. Moreover, this terminology is confusing because it suggests a single common pathway, whereas currently experts are of the opinion that this is not the case [4]. Therefore, we use the less loaded term “pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities” to describe all musculoskeletal complaints in the neck and upper extremities not caused by acute trauma or specific systemic diseases.
The pain and discomfort can partly originate from the work environment and performance of work, but sport and other recreational activities can also contribute to the development of these complaints [1]. Activities associated with pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities are repetitive or forceful motions, static, or awkward postures and activities being accompanied by vibrations or activities in extreme temperatures [1], [2], [5]. Nowadays, besides physical factors, other characteristics are also recognized as important risk factors. Especially perceived stress at work, but also general distress and other pain (comorbidity) are consistently related to pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities [6]. Physical, psychosocial, and personal factors probably all play a role, but the way they interact with each other is not exactly known [6].
The pain and discomfort can consist of clumsiness, stiffness, tingling, loss of coordination, loss of physical strength, skin discoloration, and temperature differences located in the neck, upper back, shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, hand, and/or fingers [7].
According to the “Criteria Document for evaluation of the work-relatedness of upper extremity disorders” [3] pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities can be divided into specific and nonspecific complaints: specific complaints have defined diagnostic criteria (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) whereas nonspecific complaints do not [3].
There is literature, which demonstrates, that neck and upper extremity complaints originating from work cause increased compensation and health care costs [1], [8]. The reported rates of pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities tripled between 1986 and 1993 in the USA; in 1990 these complaints accounted for more than 60% of occupational illnesses [1]. Large increases in incidence have also been reported in other countries [1]. In the Netherlands, the 12-month prevalence of chronic or regular pain and discomfort in neck and upper extremities partly or totally due to work increased slightly from 26% in the year 2000 to 28% in the year 2002 [9].
Given these prevalence's, it is not only of importance to study risk factors for development but also to study the course of such complaints and their prognostic factors. Such information is important for patient education and management, but can also be used to develop and study interventions for these complaints, especially when modifiable prognostic factors can be identified. However, insight into the clinical course of these complaints and the factors related to outcome at follow-up is scarce [10]. Therefore, this study investigated the course of pain and discomfort in neck and upper extremities and evaluated prognostic factors, which can influence its course.
Section snippets
Design and setting
From four provinces in the western part of the Netherlands, physiotherapists from physical therapy practices active in primary care or occupational health care were invited to participate. Consecutive patients were then recruited in this prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 6 months.
Participants
New consulters with pain and discomfort in neck and upper extremities (neck, upper back, shoulder, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand) aged 18–65 years were recruited by the participating
Participants
The physical therapists invited consecutive patients with pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities for participation in our study. This resulted in 748 participants. Of these, 710 met the inclusion criteria, and 624 participants gave informed consent and filled in the baseline questionnaire. Of the 624 participants in the total population, 511 (81.9%) returned the questionnaire at 3 months, 474 (76%) returned the questionnaire at 6 months, and 543 (87%) returned one of these two
Discussion
In this large study on prognostic factors in pain and discomfort in the neck and upper extremities somatization, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing were predictive factors for the persistence of complaints in the total population over 6-month follow-up. In the working population, catastrophizing and a lack of decision authority at work were associated with the persistence of complaints over 6 months. The factor somatization was not significant enough, although borderline (P = 0.06), to stay in
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the physical therapists and participants for their cooperation in this study and Roos Bernsen (Department of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain) for her help and support with the statistical analyses.
Funding for this research was provided by CvZ (College voor Zorgverzekeringen, The Netherlands).
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