Int J Sports Med 2005; 26(8): 701-706
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830438
Nutrition

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure of Elite Cyclists During Preseason Training

S. Vogt[*] 1 , L. Heinrich[*] 1 , Y. O. Schumacher1 , M. Großhauser2 , A. Blum1 , D. König1 , A. Berg1 , A. Schmid1
  • 1University of Freiburg, Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine (Chief of Department: Professor Dr. H.-H. Dickhuth), Freiburg, Germany
  • 2Chair of Human Nutrition, TU Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Further Information

Publication History

Accepted after revision: September 30, 2004

Publication Date:
24 January 2005 (online)

Abstract

In the last years, the interest in sport nutrition has increased. The purpose of this study was to quantify the nutritional status of eleven cyclists of a professional team (age: 28.7 ± 4.2 yr; height: 181.0 ± 4.2 cm; weight: 71.0 ± 5.2 kg; body fat: 10.2 ± 2.4 %), during basic pre-season training. The athletes trained on five days (160 km per day) and respected one rest-day (33 km). The food of the cyclists, which was chosen by the riders themselves, was weighed and recorded for six days, the protocols were analysed through the PRODI 4.3 EXPERT database. The daily energy intake which averaged 13.5 MJ (59 % carbohydrates, 19 % proteins, and 21 % fat), was compared to the mean daily consumption of energy (19.1 MJ), which was calculated from the basal metabolic rate and the energy turnover while training (directly measured through the SRM Training system). The daily energy expenditure was 30 % higher than the daily energy intake. The analysis of the food diary showed that these experienced riders composed a carbohydrate-rich and low-fat diet by themselves as recommended for high-performance endurance athletes. When compared to nutritional guidelines, the composition of the diet in the present study can be considered as adequate.

References

  • 1 Joint Position Statement . Nutrition and athletic performance. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;  32 2130-2145
  • 2 Atkinson G, Davison R, Jeukendrup A, Passfield L. Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research.  J Sports Sci. 2003;  21 767-787
  • 3 Bergstrom J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;  71 140-150
  • 4 Bijker K E, De Groot G, Hollander A P. Delta efficiencies of running and cycling.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;  33 1546-1551
  • 5 Bratteby L E, Sandhagen B, Fan H, Enghardt H, Samuelson G. Total energy expenditure and physical activity as assessed by the doubly labeled water method in Swedish adolescents in whom energy intake was underestimated by 7-d diet records.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;  67 905-911
  • 6 Brouns F, Saris W H, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, Rehrer N J, ten Hoor F. Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part I.  Int J Sports Med. 1989;  10 32-40
  • 7 Coggan A R, Coyle E F. Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1988;  65 1703-1709
  • 8 Costill D L. Carbohydrates for exercise: dietary demands for optimal performance.  Int J Sports Med. 1988;  9 1-18
  • 9 Coyle E F. Substrate utilization during exercise in active people.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;  61 968-979
  • 10 Coyle E F, Coggan A R, Hemmert M K, Ivy J L. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate.  J Appl Physiol. 1986;  61 165-172
  • 11 Coyle E F, Jeukendrup A E, Oseto M C, Hodgkinson B J, Zderic T W. Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise.  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  280 391-398
  • 12 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung .Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 1. ed. Frankfurt/M.; Umschau Verlag 2000
  • 13 Edwards J E, Lindeman A K, Mikesky A E, Stager J M. Energy balance in highly trained female endurance runners.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;  25 1398-1404
  • 14 Garcia-Roves P M, Terrados N, Fernandez S F, Patterson A M. Macronutrients intake of top level cyclists during continuous competition - change in the feeding pattern.  Int J Sports Med. 1998;  19 61-67
  • 15 Halson S L, Bridge M W, Meeusen R, Busschaert B, Gleeson M, Jones D A, Jeukendrup A E. Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists.  J Appl Physiol. 2002;  93 947-956
  • 16 Harris J A, Benedict F G. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Publ. No. 279. Washington D. C.; Carnegie Institution of Washington 1919
  • 17 Hawley J A, Palmer G S, Noakes T D. Effects of 3 days of carbohydrate supplementation on muscle glycogen content and utilisation during a 1-h cycling performance.  Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;  75 407-412
  • 18 Heaps C L, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Coyle E F. Hypohydration causes cardiovascular drift without reducing blood volume.  Int J Sports Med. 1994;  15 74-79
  • 19 Jentjens R, Jeukendrup A. Determinants of post-exercise glycogen synthesis during short-term recovery.  Sports Med. 2003;  33 117-144
  • 20 Jeukendrup A E, Craig N P, Hawley J A. The bioenergetics of World Class Cycling.  J Sci Med Sport. 2000;  3 414-433
  • 21 Jones S M, Passfield L. The dynamic calibration of bicycle power measuring cranks. Haake SJ The Engineering of Sport. Oxford; 1998: 265-274
  • 22 Kimber N E, Ross J J, Mason S L, Speedy D B. Energy balance during an ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes.  Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002;  12 47-62
  • 23 Lehmann M, Dickhuth H H, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, Kaminski R, Aramendi J F, Peterke E, Wieland W, Keul J. Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners.  Int J Sports Med. 1991;  12 444-452
  • 24 Levine S A, Gordon B, Derick C L. Some changes in the chemical constituents of the blood following a marathon race.  JAMA. 1924;  82 1778-1779
  • 25 Livingstone M B, Prentice A M, Coward W A, Strain J J, Black A E, Davies P S, Stewart C M, McKenna P G, Whitehead R G. Validation of estimates of energy intake by weighed dietary record and diet history in children and adolescents.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;  56 29-35
  • 26 Mognoni P, di Prampero P E. Gear, inertial work and road slopes as determinants of biomechanics in cycling.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  90 372-376
  • 27 Montain S J, Coyle E F. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1992;  73 1340-1350
  • 28 Moseley L, Jeukendrup A E. The reliability of cycling efficiency.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;  33 621-627
  • 29 Padilla S, Mujika I, Cuesta G, Goiriena J J. Level ground and uphill cycling ability in professional road cycling.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;  31 878-885
  • 30 Ribeyre J, Fellmann N, Montaurier C, Delaitre M, Vernet J, Coudert J, Vermorel M. Daily energy expenditure and its main components as measured by whole-body indirect calorimetry in athletic and non-athletic adolescents.  Br J Nutr. 2000;  83 355-362
  • 31 Saris W H, van Erp-Baart M A, Brouns F, Westerterp K R, ten Hoor F. Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: the Tour de France.  Int J Sports Med. 1989;  10 26-31
  • 32 Schoeller D A, Bandini L G, Dietz W H. Inaccuracies in self-reported intake identified by comparison with the doubly labelled water method.  Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990;  68 941-949
  • 33 Sherman W M. Recovery from endurance exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;  24 336-339
  • 34 Swain D P. The influence of body mass in endurance bicycling.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;  26 58-63
  • 35 Trappe T A, Gastaldelli A, Jozsi A C, Troup J P, Wolfe R R. Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;  29 950-954
  • 36 Urhausen A, Gabriel H H, Kindermann W. Impaired pituitary hormonal response to exhaustive exercise in overtrained endurance athletes.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 407-414
  • 37 van Erp-Baart A M, Saris W H, Binkhorst R A, Vos J A, Elvers J W. Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part I. Energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake.  Int J Sports Med. 1989;  10 3-10
  • 38 Westerterp K R, Saris W H, van Es M, ten Hoor F. Use of the doubly labelled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1986;  61 2162-2167
  • 39 Williams C. Macronutrients and performance.  J Sports Sci. 1995;  13 1-10

1 both authors contributed equally

Dr. med. S. Vogt

University of Freiburg, Center of Internal Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine

Hugstetter Straße 55

79106 Freiburg

Germany

Phone: + 497612707473

Fax: + 49 76 12 70 74 70

Email: vogt@ms1l.ukl.uni-freiburg.de

    >